Following the subsiding of direct clashes between Iran and the United States and Israel, and while Iran continues to remain in a state of “neither war nor peace,” the intensification of business closures, pressure on cafés and social spaces, and actions against activists and social media pages have raised serious questions about the relationship between […]...

In contemporary Iranian society, urban spaces have become not only the setting of everyday life, but also arenas for redefining identities, values, and social relations. Among these, cafés, as one of the most important intermediate public-private spaces, play a dual role: on the one hand, they are places where young people gather, converse, and spend […]...

Ali Najafi Tavana was born in 1953 in the Alamut region of Qazvin. He completed his primary education in Tonekabon and completed his secondary education at Hafeziyeh High School in the same city. In 1972, he entered the Faculty of Law of the University of Tehran and in 1975, he obtained a Bachelor of Laws […]...

Reports over the years have revealed that some women prisoners are denied medical treatment and other legal rights. The continued publication of these reports highlights the gap between prison regulations and their practice, raising the question of to what extent human rights standards, including the Bangkok Rules, are being observed in Iran, and whether the […]...

Dual-use infrastructure refers to a set of physical, networked, systemic, and technological assets that are originally designed and operated for civilian and peaceful purposes, such as transportation, energy, communications, or industrial production; but because of their strategic nature, broad coverage, high capacity, or embedded technical capabilities, they can also be used in conditions of crisis, […]...

In recent years, digital technologies, the internet, and AI-based tools have played an important role in increasing independence and accessibility for persons with disabilities. For many of these individuals, screen readers, navigation apps, online services, social networks, and smart tools are not merely conveniences, but essential tools for work, education, communication, and even carrying out […]...

After the adoption and communication of the “Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile States Against National Security and Interests” in October 2025 (Mehr 1404), concerns have intensified in Iran over the expansion of the security atmosphere, the broadening of criminalization, and the escalation of severe punishments, including […]...

Following the adoption and communication of the “Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile States Against National Security and Interests,” extensive debates have emerged regarding the legal, political, and social consequences of this law. Many critics believe that the expansion of concepts such as “cooperation with a hostile […]...

The tense developments and the war of the United States and Israel with Iran have brought about noticeable changes in the country’s domestic environment. These changes have not been limited merely to the security and political spheres, but their effects are also clearly observable in the legal and judicial arena. Reports have emerged of the […]...

In a situation where reports of the use of individuals under 18 at checkpoints are being published, this question becomes increasingly important as to how such actions are evaluated within the framework of international law and the obligations of states. Examining this issue is important not only from a legal perspective, but also from a […]...