In recent years, one of the significant changes in the way social control policies are enforced in Iran has been the expansion of business owners’ responsibility for the conduct of individuals who are neither their employees nor necessarily under their legal authority or supervision. The owner of a restaurant, café, gym, or tourism center, or […]...

Introduction: Two Complementary Movements in the Language of Power In the official discourse of the Islamic Republic, “norm-breaking” appears to be a simple term used to describe deviation from accepted social rules. But this sociological appearance conceals its political and criminal function. In part of the political discourse of recent years, the central instance of […]...

In recent months, as the war has subsided, what has been seen on the streets, Instagram, and cyberspace is the return of the focus of governance from Iranian soil to the city; from the sealing of cafes and book cafes in Sana’i and Iranshahr to the crackdown on tourist tours and the blocking of bloggers’ […]...

The ugliest—and perhaps most familiar—face of human society is “war.” This can be read between the lines of the book An Introduction to Polemology by Gaston Bouthoul. In this work, he explains how no law, treaty, or prohibition can stand against war. In a case study, the book describes the international restrictions and global pressures […]...

Introduction: Terminological explanation In this article, the concept of the general power of the state is consciously used, not political sovereignty. This choice of language is not accidental. The state here is not simply the construction of political power, but an institution that, in the logic of public law, is responsible for implementing the law, […]...

During the recent protests, we witnessed many bitter incidents and extra-legal actions in Iran. One of these cases was the restriction of treatment for protesters in various forms. According to reports published from the very first days of the protests, police and security forces attacked hospitals where injured protesters had been taken, creating heartbreaking scenes. […]...

In recent years, the condition of pension funds—especially the Cultural Workers Reserve Fund and the performance of the Social Security Organization—has attracted the attention of many researchers, social activists, and fund members. The importance of this issue is evident not only in theory but also in practice, as its crisis-inducing consequences directly and significantly impact […]...

Now that I’ve reached retirement, I sit and reflect—one by one—on all the miseries I tried to overcome during the thirty years I went to and from school. I inhaled chalk dust, developed trembling knees, suffered nervous disorders… yet those miseries never ended. I sit and think about which of life’s wounds I can possibly […]...

Referring to the decision of the Bar Association of Yazd regarding the issuance of a lawyer’s license for Saeed Mortazavi (former judge and government employee), and considering the reaction of the legal community and lawyers’ protest against the performance of the board of directors of the Bar Association of Yazd, this decision is subject to […]...

Nearly a century has passed since the fourteen-day nationwide strike of printing workers and the prolonged strike of oil industry workers in Abadan between 1300 and 1404 (1921-1925). These were the first genuine and official strikes in the labor movement in Iran. Subsequently, between 1304 and 1320 (1925-1941), widespread strikes occurred, which faced the harshest […]...

The effects of “neoliberalism” on the world of work and labor unions are topics of contemporary debate in most countries. According to David Harvey, neoliberalism can be understood as a theory of political economy practices that seeks to enhance human well-being by maximizing entrepreneurial freedoms within an institutional framework characterized by the protection of private […]...

Since the beginning of the trade unions’ activities, there have been women activists who, alongside men, have fought for the rights of teachers and students. However, the presence of “women” in the teachers’ union movement has become more prominent since 2013 (1392). Their participation has significantly strengthened the teachers’ ability to pursue their union goals. […]...