The world has once again become accustomed to war. Images of destruction, displacement and death flash before our eyes every day; so much so that we sometimes forget that behind every image, there was a human being. However, not all victims are seen equally. For some deaths, official ceremonies are held, the media writes about […]...

Before the recent war between Iran on one side and Israel and the United States on the other, the term “dual-use infrastructure” was mainly used in the specialized literature of the law of armed conflict and strategic studies. But with the expansion of the scope of military operations and attacks on facilities that appear civilian […]...

Technological developments in recent decades have made the boundary between military and civilian objectives more ambiguous than ever. Universities, research centers, biomedical institutions, data networks, and communications infrastructure, while having civilian functions, can in some cases play a direct or indirect role in states’ defense capabilities. This situation has transformed the concept of “dual-use” from […]...

Contemporary wars no longer unfold only on the battlefield. Alongside missiles, drones, and military operations, another battle also takes shape in the realm of narratives and legitimacy-building; a war in which each side seeks to justify its own actions within the framework of international law and present the actions of the other side as violations […]...

Dual-use infrastructure is precisely the gray area of international humanitarian law; because it has neither an independent definition in treaties nor an absolute prohibition. Therefore, its definition must be sought within legal texts. In international law, the term “dual-use infrastructure” is not used directly, but its definition can be inferred from Article 52, paragraph 2, […]...

Wars do not end after they are over. This sentence may seem somewhat strange because, naturally, once a war ends, it should become part of memory. But what happens in reality is not like that. Wars sometimes continue for ordinary people in a country through refrigerators going off, reduced water pressure in homes, the rising […]...

The patterns of conflict and strategic transformations in the international system over recent decades have undergone a fundamental metamorphosis that challenges the traditional concept of war. Modern conflicts are no longer limited to direct and classical confrontation between armed forces on front lines. In the contemporary era, technological advancement and societies’ deep structural dependence on […]...

In recent years, alongside the expansion of military conflicts in the Middle East, this question has repeatedly been raised: does the Islamic Republic of Iran deliberately use people as “human shields,” or is what we are witnessing the product of the complex structure of modern societies and the concentration of infrastructure in cities? This question […]...

In the first hours of the military operation known as “Epic Wrath,” which began on February 28, 2026 (9 Esfand 1404), a series of air and missile strikes targeted various infrastructures across Iran. Meanwhile, Minab County in Hormozgan Province, due to its strategic proximity to logistical and military infrastructure, became one of the main centers […]...

Before addressing the main subject of this note, it is better to offer a definition of dual-use infrastructure. Although no clear and direct definition has been provided for “dual-use industries and infrastructure,” based on general concepts and the use of this term in texts related to security and economics, it can be said that dual-use […]...

The decline in childbearing in Iran is no longer merely a statistical indicator or a demographic concern; it has become a sign of a deeper crisis in social trust, economic security, and the outlook for the future. In recent years, the government has repeatedly warned about the “aging of the population” and, through the adoption […]...

Older persons in armed conflicts, much like children, face numerous and often overlooked forms of human rights violations; patterns in which age becomes a factor that intensifies vulnerability. Despite the extensive body of literature on the challenges faced by older persons, the 12-day war and its consequences, as well as the war that began on […]...