In the first hours of the military operation known as “Epic Wrath,” which began on February 28, 2026 (9 Esfand 1404), a series of air and missile strikes targeted various infrastructures across Iran. Meanwhile, Minab County in Hormozgan Province, due to its strategic proximity to logistical and military infrastructure, became one of the main centers […]...

Before addressing the main subject of this note, it is better to offer a definition of dual-use infrastructure. Although no clear and direct definition has been provided for “dual-use industries and infrastructure,” based on general concepts and the use of this term in texts related to security and economics, it can be said that dual-use […]...

The decline in childbearing in Iran is no longer merely a statistical indicator or a demographic concern; it has become a sign of a deeper crisis in social trust, economic security, and the outlook for the future. In recent years, the government has repeatedly warned about the “aging of the population” and, through the adoption […]...

Older persons in armed conflicts, much like children, face numerous and often overlooked forms of human rights violations; patterns in which age becomes a factor that intensifies vulnerability. Despite the extensive body of literature on the challenges faced by older persons, the 12-day war and its consequences, as well as the war that began on […]...

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In contemporary criminal law systems, the crime of espionage has always been classified among the most serious offenses against national security, because it concerns attacks on the fundamental interests of the state and the disclosure of information that may endanger the country’s political, military, or diplomatic security. However, the gravity of this crime has never […]...

After the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, the number of cases related to espionage and cooperation with hostile states increased significantly. The atmosphere in the country after the war became highly securitized, and the government tried to show that a significant part of the damage and blows suffered had resulted from intelligence infiltration and […]...

The public atmosphere in Iran has become heavy and frightening in recent months with the news of the successive executions of individuals convicted of espionage. The term “espionage” is not a common term in public opinion, especially in times of war, external threat, or security crisis. This charge is linked to the security of the […]...

Espionage, cooperation with the intelligence services of other countries, and the financing of violent acts are undoubtedly matters in which criminal-law intervention is legitimate. No responsible legal system can remain indifferent to genuine threats to the lives of citizens, territorial integrity, public security, or critical infrastructure. The problem begins when “national security” shifts from being […]...

The law titled “Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile Countries Against National Security and Interests” (approved by Parliament in Mehr 1404 and confirmed by the Guardian Council) is among the Islamic Republic’s recent security laws, prescribing heavy punishments such as execution and full confiscation of property for a wide […]...

Since the first nights of the war, the streets of Iranian cities have become the stage for a form of theatrical politics: gatherings, supported by the government, filled with lights, flags, anthems, and mowkebs, which seemed less a natural reflection of the social situation than an attempt to produce a uniform and coherent image of […]...

The outbreak of war between Iran, the United States, and Israel was the inevitable consequence of years of ideological adventurism and tension-generating state policies that have consistently prioritized political survival over the safety, welfare, and lives of citizens. This war once again stripped away the illusion of “security” — a claim that for years had […]...