In the contemporary world, the internet is no longer merely a communication tool; it has become one of the fundamental pillars of social, economic, and political organization. Critical infrastructures—from banking and healthcare systems to media, education, and even emergency response mechanisms—depend, to varying degrees, on stable access to the internet. However, in situations of armed […]...

This article is not about the catastrophic depth of war as an absolute evil; it is not about the innocent children who lost their lives and never returned home; it is not about the civilians in Iran and other countries of the region who were killed; it is not about the historical heritage destroyed and […]...

In the contemporary world, access to the internet is considered one of the vital pillars of social and economic life, and even a condition for the survival of citizens. However, this reality has not yet been explicitly recognized in international law—neither as an “independent human right” nor as a “critical infrastructure.” This legal gap has […]...

These days, Iran is undergoing an unprecedented experience: weeks of widespread internet shutdowns, severe restrictions on media, and the concentration of narratives within a single official channel. For more than two months, access to the internet in Iran has been completely cut off. Although limited access has recently been granted to certain individuals and professional […]...

The ugliest—and perhaps most familiar—face of human society is “war.” This can be read between the lines of the book An Introduction to Polemology by Gaston Bouthoul. In this work, he explains how no law, treaty, or prohibition can stand against war. In a case study, the book describes the international restrictions and global pressures […]...

This article is being written at a time when more than one thousand hours have passed since the widespread internet shutdown in Iran, justified on the grounds of maintaining security. During this period, communication between Iranians inside and outside the country has been seriously disrupted, and access for those inside the country to the outside […]...

This article attempts to show that in contemporary wars, the battlefield is no longer limited to the military arena, but that the humanitarian, media, communication, and legal spheres are increasingly integrated into the logic of war. In such a situation, war is waged not only through weapons, bombing, and the destruction of physical infrastructure, but […]...

The transition from authoritarianism to democracy is one of the most complex political processes in the contemporary world. Historical experience shows that the سقوط of authoritarian regimes does not necessarily lead to the establishment of a stable democracy. In many cases, the collapse of an authoritarian order has resulted in political instability, internal violence, or […]...

Throughout the contemporary history of the world, various governments have been responsible for the killing of a large portion of their citizens, from the crimes of the Khmer Rouge to the history of genocide in Bosnia, from the Nazi gas chambers to the famines resulting from the policies of the Stalin and Mao governments. Even […]...

January 1404 was a time for a number of protesters to say their “last words”; a sentence recorded in a few lines on Instagram stories, or in a few-second video, sometimes in a brief call to family, and sometimes in a will that the survivors tried to carry out without fail. These messages, republished in […]...

Introduction: Terminological explanation In this article, the concept of the general power of the state is consciously used, not political sovereignty. This choice of language is not accidental. The state here is not simply the construction of political power, but an institution that, in the logic of public law, is responsible for implementing the law, […]...

The atrocities of World War II and the participation and complicity of the German people with the Nazi regime, in the guise of a soldier or government agent, in the murder of millions of people in the death camps, posed a fundamental question to sociologists: How could an ordinary German citizen be so obedient and […]...