Confiscation of Property: A “Legal” Tool for Silencing Dissent?/ Iman Soleimani

In recent years, particularly following the adoption and implementation of the law titled “Intensification of Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile Countries Against National Security and Interests” in October 2025 (Mehr 1404), the issue of confiscation and seizure of the assets of Iranian citizens—especially those living abroad, ranging from ordinary […]...

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When the Internet Becomes a Weapon of War/ Abdollah Bai Lashaki

In the contemporary world, the internet is no longer merely a communication tool; it has become one of the fundamental pillars of social, economic, and political organization. Critical infrastructures—from banking and healthcare systems to media, education, and even emergency response mechanisms—depend, to varying degrees, on stable access to the internet. However, in situations of armed […]...

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Internet Shutdowns and Their Economic Consequences for Women and the Informal Economy/ Elaheh Amani

This article is not about the catastrophic depth of war as an absolute evil; it is not about the innocent children who lost their lives and never returned home; it is not about the civilians in Iran and other countries of the region who were killed; it is not about the historical heritage destroyed and […]...

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Internet Shutdowns During Wartime: Legitimate Defense or a Silent Violation of Human Rights?/ Nafiseh Motlagh

In the contemporary world, access to the internet is considered one of the vital pillars of social and economic life, and even a condition for the survival of citizens. However, this reality has not yet been explicitly recognized in international law—neither as an “independent human right” nor as a “critical infrastructure.” This legal gap has […]...

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Iran in a State of Information Blockade / Maryam Shirin Sokhan

These days, Iran is undergoing an unprecedented experience: weeks of widespread internet shutdowns, severe restrictions on media, and the concentration of narratives within a single official channel. For more than two months, access to the internet in Iran has been completely cut off. Although limited access has recently been granted to certain individuals and professional […]...

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Cafe Lamiz” and the Economy of Suppression in the Shadow of War / Behzad Ahmadinia”

The ugliest—and perhaps most familiar—face of human society is “war.” This can be read between the lines of the book An Introduction to Polemology by Gaston Bouthoul. In this work, he explains how no law, treaty, or prohibition can stand against war. In a case study, the book describes the international restrictions and global pressures […]...

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The Impact of Wartime Conditions on Labor Rights and Livelihoods in Iran/ Ahmad Alavi

Wars in the modern economy are no longer merely military events; rather, they are multidimensional phenomena that simultaneously affect economic, social, and institutional structures. In the case of present-day Iran, in the year 2026 (1405), this characteristic is clearly observable, where the economy had already been facing chronic imbalances and war has acted as an […]...

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Information Security or Narrative Control?/ Hadi Aghazari

This article is being written at a time when more than one thousand hours have passed since the widespread internet shutdown in Iran, justified on the grounds of maintaining security. During this period, communication between Iranians inside and outside the country has been seriously disrupted, and access for those inside the country to the outside […]...

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Child-Soldier; a work by Mahtab Alinejad

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Prisoners in the Shadow of War: A Responsibility That Cannot Be Lifted from the Shoulders of the State/ Sara Ghoreishi

With the escalation of military tensions and the possibility of expanding conflict, concerns about the safety of prisons and the lives of prisoners have significantly increased. Prisoners are among the most vulnerable groups in any crisis situation, as they have no independent ability to decide where they live, access medical care, or even secure their […]...

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The gap between legal obligations and the reality of prisons during times of conflict/ Sina Yousefi

In contemporary international law, the situation of prisoners in situations of armed conflict is one of the areas that is particularly sensitive in international legal systems. This sensitivity stems from the fact that prisoners, as individuals who are completely at the disposal and control of governmental institutions, practically lack the ability to effectively protect their […]...

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Securitizing Humanitarian Action and Silencing Independent Reporting in Times of War/Diako Moradi

This article attempts to show that in contemporary wars, the battlefield is no longer limited to the military arena, but that the humanitarian, media, communication, and legal spheres are increasingly integrated into the logic of war. In such a situation, war is waged not only through weapons, bombing, and the destruction of physical infrastructure, but […]...

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