During the external bombardment, internal censorship and women in the forefront of the narrative / Elaheh Amani

“In war, women and children are the first victims, even before the conflicts begin seriously.”.*   War is gendered, not neutral. The wounds of war are not only on bodies, but also in lives that are forever changed, and it is women who carry these wounds silently. The costs and consequences of war disproportionately burden […]...

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Legislating in the Shadow of War / Neda Qanbari

When asked about the 12-day war and its consequences, my mind doesn’t go to anything but images of destruction and the sound of bomb explosions. I think more about the days when “silence” after the war was heavier than any explosion, engulfing the entire country. In those moments, just when we expected peace after the […]...

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Legal Authoritarianism for Social Control/ Nasrollah Lashani

The importance of the constitution in establishing and solidifying democracy is a legacy of the American Revolution. After the victory of the American Revolution and the independence of this country from British monarchy, the revolutionaries emphasized and focused on the drafting and regulation of the constitution, striving to carefully and skillfully design a national covenant […]...

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Fire in the heart of “Aghajan” / Azar Taherabad

The hot summer morning air in “Aghajan” is bitter; the smell of burning smoke, city sewage left in the streets, and the strong scent of mixed substances. The approximate distance from this neighborhood to the heart of the city is about ten minutes. From the moment I step into the neighborhood, I realize that this […]...

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Attack on Prisons During Wartime: Solution or Tragedy?/ Majid Shia Ali

There is precedent in modern military history for air assaults on prisons. In some cases, such incidents result from operational errors or misfires during broader military campaigns. One of the most tragic examples occurred in May 1999, when NATO launched strikes in response to the Serbian army’s ethnic repression of Kosovar Albanians. Among the multiple […]...

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Espionage: The Regime’s Worn-Out Tool to Silence Dissent/ Reza Alijani

Onstage and Behind the Scenes of the Ratification of Article Nine of the Constitution Article 9 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states: “In the Islamic Republic of Iran, freedom, independence, unity, and the territorial integrity of the country are inseparable, and preserving them is the duty of the government and all […]...

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Checkpoint or Deathtrap? A Dark Account from Tarik-Darreh, Hamedan After the Twelve-Day War / Reza Harisi

The end of the twelve-day war between Iran and Israel, contrary to public expectations, did not result in a fragile peace but rather ushered in a disturbing and unstable state within the country. During the war and immediately following the announcement of the ceasefire, security and military forces of the Islamic Republic established hundreds of […]...

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Revisiting the Role of the Media in the Twelve-Day War/ Mina Javani

In times of crisis—particularly within the context of military conflicts—the media move beyond their conventional role as mere transmitters of information. They become active agents in shaping public opinion, constructing dominant narratives, and organizing collective emotions. The twelve-day war between Iran and Israel once again demonstrated that the battlefield is not confined to weaponry and […]...

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Children’s Rights in Armed Conflicts: An Examination of the Twelve-Day War Between Iran and Israel/ Abouzar Zaman

The twelve-day war between Iran and Israel was a short-term armed conflict that caused devastating physical, psychological, and financial harm to civilians. Of particular importance is an examination of the rights of children—the most vulnerable group in society—who were directly affected by this war, as well as the responsibilities of governments in this regard. These […]...

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The Twelve-Day War and Unprotected Civilians in Iran/ Sina Yousefi

Following the twelve-day conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the State of Israel, the issue of civilian protection during armed conflict—one of the fundamental and imperative principles of international humanitarian law—has gained renewed urgency and relevance. The nature of modern warfare, often marked by aerial and missile attacks on urban areas, places civilian […]...

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