Tannaz Kolahchian: Under the New Law on Intensifying Espionage, Any Citizen Can Be Accused of Espionage/ Ali Kalaei

After the adoption and communication of the “Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile States Against National Security and Interests” in October 2025 (Mehr 1404), concerns have intensified in Iran over the expansion of the security atmosphere, the broadening of criminalization, and the escalation of severe punishments, including […]...

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Saeed Peyvandi: The Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage Will Deepen Hostility Between Society and the Government/ Nafiseh Sharafaldini

Following the adoption and communication of the “Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile States Against National Security and Interests,” extensive debates have emerged regarding the legal, political, and social consequences of this law. Many critics believe that the expansion of concepts such as “cooperation with a hostile […]...

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Examining the Ambiguity and Expansion of the Crime of Espionage in Iranian Criminal Law/ Mousa Barzin

After the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, the number of cases related to espionage and cooperation with hostile states increased significantly. The atmosphere in the country after the war became highly securitized, and the government tried to show that a significant part of the damage and blows suffered had resulted from intelligence infiltration and […]...

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From the Crime of “Espionage” to the Criminalization of “Intent to Collaborate”/ Maryam Abedi

Crimes against national security have always been regarded among the most sensitive and severe areas of criminal law. In all legal systems, governments consider the protection of secrets, classified information, vital facilities, and security structures to be among the fundamental elements of their political and sovereign survival. For this reason, espionage is recognized as one […]...

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Execution in the name of security; Intensification of the crackdown on espionage charges in Iran/ Nafiseh Motlagh

Following the escalation of military tensions and attacks by the United States and Israel, the judicial process of dealing with charges of “espionage” and “collaboration with hostile states” in Iran has entered a new phase. What is more controversial than the laws themselves is the way they are implemented: expedited proceedings, lack of transparency, and […]...

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Media Cooperation with Abroad: Where Is the Boundary Between Reporting and Espionage?/ Mustafa Danandeh

During the two twelve-day and forty-day wars, the relationship between “media activity” and “national security” in Iran entered a new stage. A stage in which sending a video, publishing a report, or even speaking with media outlets outside the country can be interpreted under concepts such as “cooperation with a hostile state” or “espionage.” The […]...

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A Comparative Review of the Conflicts Between the New Law Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and the Fundamental Rights of the People/ Iman Soleimani

The law titled “Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile Countries Against National Security and Interests” (approved by Parliament in Mehr 1404 and confirmed by the Guardian Council) is among the Islamic Republic’s recent security laws, prescribing heavy punishments such as execution and full confiscation of property for a wide […]...

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Securitizing Society Through Accusations of Espionage/ Hermineh Hourdad

Since its establishment, the Islamic Republic, as a phenomenon in the form and appearance of the government ruling Iran, has made one of its main actions emptying everything of its original meaning, placing its own desired meaning inside that form, and imposing it on society. The accusation of espionage is no exception to this rule; […]...

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National Security Through Execution and Repression?/ Majid Shia’ali

Since the beginning of the war, human rights violations by the ruling establishment in Iran have increased significantly. In the days after the ceasefire, not a day goes by without news of executions carried out on the basis of death sentences issued through a deeply flawed judicial process and with clear political orientations. The process […]...

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From the Filtering of Telegram to “Pro Internet” / Amir Aghaei

The Islamic Republic is breaking many negative records in the field of digital repression. Iranians, during perhaps one of the most turbulent periods in their history — from the start of the 12-day war to the Dey protests and after that the 40-day war, which it is still not clear has completely ended or not […]...

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