“Informal” work is a form of paid work that is not recognized by economic laws. According to Marx, “wage labor” is work that has become a “commodity” and is bought and sold. Now, if this “commodified” work is defined as “informal,” it becomes a vicious cycle, as if the actor is only being exploited for […]...

More than six years ago, official media in the Islamic Republic of Iran reported on a historic explosion of false jobs in the job market. These media outlets reported on 23 million workers in the Iranian job market, of which, according to the then Minister of Labor, seven million were engaged in false jobs. (1) […]...

“We must make tough and courageous decisions.” This sentence was expressed by Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, the Speaker of Parliament, in a joint session between the Parliament and the government regarding the budget for the year 1401. The decisions that Ghalibaf refers to and some other officials also call “economic surgery” seem inevitable given the economic […]...

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From the fear of population decline to the fear of aging population, these are concerns that have been brought to light in Iran due to the implementation of the Youth Population Law by the President of the Islamic Republic. These fears are due to the downward trend in births in Iran, which the head of […]...

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The issue is still about power. As long as one group exercises power over another and there is inequality and discrimination, violence will continue to be reproduced in various forms. Gender-based violence is not exempt from this, but the difference is that it occurs in the most private sphere of individuals; where the foundation of […]...

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The discovery of photovoltaic technology was announced in 1839 with the publication of an article by French physicist Edmond Becquerel. Albert Einstein, the famous German physicist, was another individual who drew the world’s attention to solar energy and its potential. In 1905, he published an article on the “photoelectric effect” and how energy can be […]...

In recent years, clean energy has gradually found its place in the world and many countries – although not definitively – have turned to using this type of energy. In Iran, however, due to the abundance and low cost of fossil fuels, the use of this type of energy was not given much attention even […]...