Children’s Rights in Armed Conflicts: An Examination of the Twelve-Day War Between Iran and Israel/ Abouzar Zaman

The twelve-day war between Iran and Israel was a short-term armed conflict that caused devastating physical, psychological, and financial harm to civilians. Of particular importance is an examination of the rights of children—the most vulnerable group in society—who were directly affected by this war, as well as the responsibilities of governments in this regard. These […]...

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The Twelve-Day War and Unprotected Civilians in Iran/ Sina Yousefi

Following the twelve-day conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the State of Israel, the issue of civilian protection during armed conflict—one of the fundamental and imperative principles of international humanitarian law—has gained renewed urgency and relevance. The nature of modern warfare, often marked by aerial and missile attacks on urban areas, places civilian […]...

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Lived Experience of Iranians During the Twelve-Day War/ Pardis Parsa

In the early hours of June 12, 2025 (23 Khordad 1404), with the launch of Israeli airstrikes on Iranian soil, a new chapter in Iran’s contemporary history was opened. The deafening sounds of explosions and reports of military commanders and nuclear scientists being killed were the signs of a war that quickly surpassed military confrontation, […]...

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The Illusion of War’s End and Security: Citizens Still on the Battlefield/ Elaheh Amani

The devastating twelve-day war, which temporarily ended after claiming the lives of 1,190 people and injuring more than 4,475 in Iran (1), once again brings to mind a quote often attributed to Plato: in societies where political power rests in the hands of authoritarian rulers, even after a military war ends, the living continue to […]...

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When the Twelve-Day War Reached the Internet/ Fereshteh Goli

In today’s world, the internet has a clear meaning: a tool for fast, direct, and uncensored communication among people, with access to firsthand news and information—even if that information is sometimes incorrect or misleading. In any case, the right to access the internet is recognized in international law as part of fundamental human rights and […]...

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Protection of Medical and Educational Facilities in Armed Conflicts: A Renewed Test for the Credibility of Humanitarian Law/ Neda Ghanbari

Amid the recent twelve-day war, which unfolded along the lines of escalating security tensions between Iran and Israel, one of its most shocking dimensions was the attack on civilian infrastructure—particularly medical centers and emergency bases. Part of these assaults, unfortunately, directly targeted the fundamental right to access healthcare. According to reports published in July 2025 […]...

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A Report on the Destruction of Hospitals in the Twelve-Day War/ Azar Taherabadi

In the gray and devastated grounds of Farabi Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Kermanshah, the marks of explosions still remain on the walls. The smell of burned medications, broken equipment, and the vague, constant sound of silence envelop the atmosphere of this medical center. Three days after the war between Iran and Israel began, on June 15 […]...

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A Look at International Humanitarian Law on the Occasion of the Twelve-Day War/ Alireza Goodarzi

War begins when law ends. The epitome of lawlessness is the killing of another human being, and that is the goal of war. If legal solutions worked, there would be no need for war. Yet for centuries we have tried to regulate even this unlawful phenomenon. Examples of wartime restrictions can be seen throughout history. […]...

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In Praise of Peace: A Journalist’s Account from a Bombarded Tehran/ Hossein Yazdi

War—this word has become entangled with our lives in the Middle East, as though the region has no other identity without it. At the time of my birth, the 1979 Revolution had just happened, and by the time I entered elementary school, I was fully experiencing war—red sirens and teachers who would take us under […]...

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Taxing Nazri Food: An Efficient Strategy for Reducing Energy Waste or an Inappropriate Measure? / Parvaneh Ahmadi

Mourning ceremonies and Nazri offerings are an inseparable part of the religious and social culture in certain communities, particularly in Iran. In these occasions, the long-standing tradition of preparing and distributing food as Nazri takes on a prominent role. These offerings, beyond their spiritual and religious aspects, are widely distributed among the general public, the […]...

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