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Hossein Ahmadi’s need.

Iran has been struggling with the issue of drugs for years; since the Qajar era when opium was used, this concern has arisen about how to break free from this demon. By studying the books of the Iranian laws, it can be observed that various laws have been enacted and approved since the Pahlavi era until today to combat drugs, and upon closer examination, it can be seen that the focus of these laws is mostly on fighting drugs and their use, rather than discussing treatment.

Due to various reasons, Iran has been facing a crisis of addiction, which can be at least partially attributed to the following factors:

1- Being placed in the corridor of transferring drugs to Europe.

2- Being border with Afghanistan and Pakistan

3- Widespread wars in Afghanistan

4- The presence of tribal governments on the borders of Iran with Pakistan and Afghanistan and widespread insecurity in these borders.

5- Widespread poverty and unemployment in three countries: Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

6- Existence of abnormalities and social damages

7- The occurrence of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.

8- The absence of joy, entertainment, and its components in Iran.

It is enough to look at the history of addiction in Iran from the Pahlavi era to the present day to see the depth of the tragedy of the spread and distribution of drugs and the emergence of addicts. This horrific spread of drugs and addicts has caused Iranian lawmakers to react and find solutions for treating drug addicts, unfortunately, most of the policies adopted have been negative and punitive, and less attention has been given to the scientific and humane aspects of treatment. As a result, in the past forty years, we have witnessed numerous failures in the treatment of addicts, and among them, the “visible” addicts have suffered the most.

The legislator defines an addict as follows: According to Article 16 of the Anti-Drug Law, a person who openly displays addiction is considered a criminal and must be held for a period of one to three months in authorized government treatment and harm reduction centers under the order of judicial authorities. But who is an openly displaying addict? Openly displaying is a state of addiction in which a person deliberately and with the intention of showing off and attracting attention, publicly consumes drugs. In fact, an openly displaying addict is someone who has willingly and intentionally put themselves in a position to openly consume drugs, not out of necessity. Therefore, public consumption alone is not enough to qualify as openly displaying, and it is only one condition for the formation of an openly displaying state. It is assumed that the legislator intended the precise meaning of the terms used, and if the legislator wanted openly displaying to be synonymous with public consumption of drugs, they would not have used a separate term for it. If a person

As exhibitionism leads to criminal behavior and at the very least, drug use is considered a contributing factor to crime, it is clear that the principle of innocence can be broken in court. An addict who is accused of exhibitionism must go through the same investigative process as any other suspect, and if the investigating authority finds evidence of exhibitionism and it is confirmed by the prosecuting authority, they will be referred to court with a prosecutor to make a decision about them.

But what are the consequences of distinguishing between public consumption and open display? Open display is a charge, and anyone who is charged has the right to defend themselves and has all the rights of a defendant, such as understanding the charge precisely with evidence, the right to access a lawyer, and the right to remain silent. However, enforcing these rights in practice and considering the large number of drug addicts charged with open display – which is estimated to be around 12,000 in Tehran alone – is a difficult and challenging task. This group of individuals are deprived of even the most basic social rights, let alone the ability to choose a defense lawyer! In fact, the government has been confused for years in identifying and treating this group of addicts. On one hand, according to the law, an open display addict is a criminal and should be arrested and imprisoned, but on the other hand, Iranian prisons do not have the capacity to hold them and their long-term detention leads to the emergence of hundreds of other

In the scientific definition of addiction, various dimensions are considered. It is said that: “Addiction is a disorder that has psychological, physical, and social dimensions, and until a person has all three of these factors, they are not considered addicted. Therefore, perhaps the first approaches to dealing with addicts and the prevalence of the term “visible addicts” have resulted from the fact that an addicted person who has lost their social functions is inevitably drawn to the streets and also consumes in that same place. In fact, their social function and roles as a member of a family, society, and a human being are lost, and the tools for fulfilling these roles are also taken away from them; tools such as a job, housing, family, social identity, etc.” (1)

The therapeutic approach for each of the mentioned dimensions must be different. For example, in physical treatment, various methods such as non-medication approaches, detoxification, and combination of medication and other methods can be used. Similarly, in psychological treatment, different psychological interventions can be used at individual, group, and family levels. However, in the social dimension – which can be considered one of the most important dimensions of this disorder – special attention and programs are necessary. For example, for an addict who still has a home and a suitable job, social interventions may be less and require a different approach, or perhaps with a special focus on the physical and psychological dimensions, a desirable result can be achieved and with minimal intervention in their family dimension, a suitable solution can be found. But for someone who has lost their job, has no home, and has been rejected by their family and friends, a special focus on their psychological and physical dimensions and neglecting their social dimension will not lead to a suitable treatment

The presence of open addicts in society has led to many other social problems, and due to the inability of government organizations to solve this issue scientifically and logically, military institutions intend to intervene. In the past forty years in Iran, whenever revolutionary military institutions have intervened in any issue, it has somehow caused the collapse of that issue; from the economy to construction, from urban planning to irrigation, and so on. The terrifying signs of this are still evident, like a deep wound on the country’s landscape, as seen in the Gotvand Dam or the environmental crisis in Khuzestan. The reality of the matter is that treating addicts, especially open addicts, requires a proper scientific and logical plan, and we will not achieve anything with military, physical, negative, and police methods except for failure and destruction. Society is not a military camp, and social problems require a scientific approach; they require rationality and the use of experiences from other countries. Treating open addicts is not a military maneuver

Notes:

1. Sadeghi, Sabereh, an open or homeless addict, Addiction News Base, 22 Azar 1394.

2. طور که

   As