In recent years, the housing situation for renters has become increasingly difficult and volatile, and many renters have resorted to living on the outskirts of major cities in search of more affordable housing. In addition to high housing prices and an unstable housing market in Iran, the unprecedented economic recession, inflation, and inadequate income have left many people with no hope of becoming homeowners.

The phenomenon of economic poverty is closely related to the phenomenon of marginalization. This means that as poverty intensifies in society, the population of marginalized people will also increase proportionally. The number of citizens who are currently below the poverty line and have been forced into marginalization due to poverty has seen a significant upward trend compared to the past.

Currently, tenants are struggling with skyrocketing rent prices and the instability of the housing market, turning into nomads who must move from one place to another before the end of their lease in order to afford the increasingly expensive rent and settle for smaller and more marginalized homes each year. Meanwhile, the government

History of Marginalization in Iran

The phenomenon of marginalization in the world is not a new occurrence and has a long history. In Iran, especially during the second Pahlavi era, with the emergence of the oil economy and the country’s dependence on agriculture, as well as the beginning of economic and social reconstruction, the increase in rural access to advanced health and education services, mechanization of agriculture, and changes in rural management patterns, led to widespread migration from villages to cities and the emergence of the phenomenon of marginalization around major cities.

Along with the expansion of the oil economy, the major cities of Iran became markets for imported goods without playing a significant role in the production of society. Agriculture and rural life were transformed, and the seeds of large cities were sown. In fact, the development programs and land reforms of the Pahlavi era, instead of being in line with the economic and social conditions of Iran, were more of a response to the excess production needs of the West.

In the years before the

The consequences of marginalization during the pre-revolution era.

In the 1950s, oil revenues poured into the major cities of Iran, creating a type of rent-based economy and a vast industrial region, especially in Tehran. In fact, what happened under the name of development programs in Iran cannot be considered a form of modernism and social and economic progress. In reality, this phenomenon remained a kind of pseudo-modernism, which accelerated not domestic production, but the revenues from oil. The result of this situation was a division and polarization of the social and economic space of the major cities and their outskirts. Gradually, dissatisfaction with the existing situation among the marginalized population went beyond economic dimensions and also encompassed political dimensions. As a result, the slums gradually became a major problem for the government and sparked movements and actions towards changing their situation. In the sensitive years of 1956 and 1957, they joined the movements against the Pahlavi regime and played a significant role in its downfall, motivated by the realization of social justice.

Marginalization in the past forty years

After the revolution, the trend of marginalization continued in Iran. During the Iran-Iraq war, a large portion of the population (mostly due to displacement and war-related issues) resorted to migration. Even after the end of the war and in the early 1970s, marginalization continued to be widespread in Iran. Migration during this time was mostly influenced by factors such as population growth, uneven urban development, and poverty.

In recent years, the nature of migration has changed from its classic form, which was rural to urban migration. This means that the proportion of people moving within urban areas (especially those who moved from Tehran to its surrounding areas) has increased compared to migrants from other provinces coming to the city. This indicates that cities have become economically unstable and the forces of displacement from the center to the outskirts have significantly increased in these areas.

Along with the expansion of economic imbalance during these years and the astronomical increase in rent prices, many low-income groups living in Tehran, especially those

The outlook for development and democracy is far-reaching.

Poverty and marginalization are two terms that often go hand in hand and have a direct impact on each other. The fluctuations in housing prices have greatly contributed to economic and social inequalities. The terrifying nightmare of high rent and low income has forced a large number of renters to leave their basic comforts and move to the outskirts of cities.

The increase in housing prices alone is one of the main causes of the growing number of citizens living below the poverty line. This is because they are forced to spend a large portion of their income on rent. Therefore, in the discussion of poverty, we are faced with underdevelopment, accumulation, and discrimination, all of which make the path to democracy in an unequal and centralized society like Iran even more difficult.

The issue of marginalization and informal housing exists all over the world, but in underdeveloped and non-democratic countries, it has become a serious crisis that will affect the lives of people and the government. In Iran, one of the prominent signs of under