Execution is considered one of the most controversial forms of punishment in criminal systems around the world. After the advancement of civil society in different countries, the issue of executions has always been subject to moral, legal, and political criticisms. However, what has caused increased concern in recent years is the significant rise in “political […]...

Fortune-telling and divination, with claims of using supernatural powers or offering pseudo-scientific advice, are phenomena that have become very common in Iran, to the extent that people with different beliefs and educational backgrounds turn to them for solving their problems. These individuals often claim to have the ability to reveal information about the future or […]...

Tehran has been experiencing unbalanced and chaotic growth since the Safavid period, especially since it was chosen as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. Despite occasional attempts to establish official boundaries and limits for the city, it has continued to expand and develop without proper oversight or control from national authorities. As […]...

Social justice, as a subset of the principle of justice, means equal rights for all people—regardless of race, color, language, social status, or similar factors—so that each person can attain what they rightfully deserve. Justice in education, as the most critical pillar of national progress and development, refers to the availability of “opportunities” and “educational […]...

Since the beginning of the trade unions’ activities, there have been women activists who, alongside men, have fought for the rights of teachers and students. However, the presence of “women” in the teachers’ union movement has become more prominent since 2013 (1392). Their participation has significantly strengthened the teachers’ ability to pursue their union goals. […]...

“I can’t handle these kids anymore, they’re constantly causing chaos and don’t pay attention to their studies. They’re not on the right path. I don’t know what parents are going through with them.” These were the words of retired teacher Sharifi, who I used to work with last school year. “I was hired thirty-five years […]...

The teacher unions in Iran declared their existence in the late 1970s after the revolution. Five independent and non-governmental unions called “Teacher Unions” were established in five provinces, as pioneers in pursuing the rights of teachers and students and entering the field of union demands. From the beginning of the 1980s, more teachers attempted to […]...