To Strike or Not to Strike Dual-Use Infrastructure: An Interview with Jafar Ghanadbashi, Former IRI’s Ambassador to Libya/ Pedram Tahsini

Dual-use infrastructure refers to a set of physical, networked, systemic, and technological assets that are originally designed and operated for civilian and peaceful purposes, such as transportation, energy, communications, or industrial production; but because of their strategic nature, broad coverage, high capacity, or embedded technical capabilities, they can also be used in conditions of crisis, […]...

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Dual-Use Infrastructure in Armed Conflicts from the Perspective of International Law/ Sina Yousefi

Before the recent war between Iran on one side and Israel and the United States on the other, the term “dual-use infrastructure” was mainly used in the specialized literature of the law of armed conflict and strategic studies. But with the expansion of the scope of military operations and attacks on facilities that appear civilian […]...

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How Does International Law Assess the Legitimacy of Attacks on Dual-use infrastructure Targets?/ Maryam Abedi

Dual-use infrastructure is precisely the gray area of international humanitarian law; because it has neither an independent definition in treaties nor an absolute prohibition. Therefore, its definition must be sought within legal texts. In international law, the term “dual-use infrastructure” is not used directly, but its definition can be inferred from Article 52, paragraph 2, […]...

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The Dispute over Dual-Use Infrastructure in the Iran, Israel, and U.S. War/ Sonia Saadat

The patterns of conflict and strategic transformations in the international system over recent decades have undergone a fundamental metamorphosis that challenges the traditional concept of war. Modern conflicts are no longer limited to direct and classical confrontation between armed forces on front lines. In the contemporary era, technological advancement and societies’ deep structural dependence on […]...

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The City on the Battlefield: Human Shield or the Reality of Modern Societies?/ Hermineh Hourdad

In recent years, alongside the expansion of military conflicts in the Middle East, this question has repeatedly been raised: does the Islamic Republic of Iran deliberately use people as “human shields,” or is what we are witnessing the product of the complex structure of modern societies and the concentration of infrastructure in cities? This question […]...

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