From Regulation to Security: Why Kulbari and Sukhtbari Persist Along Iran’s Borders/ Shabnam Moinipour

The adoption of the Law on the Organisation and Supervision of Border Trade (Kulbari and Maritime Trade) and the Creation of Sustainable Employment for Border Residents in 2024 can be understood as a form of official acknowledgement by the Islamic Republic that kulbari, the practice of carrying goods across borders, cannot be viewed solely through […]...

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Government’s $7 Billion Control via Regulation of Kulbars: Will Kulbari Finally Be Legalized?/ Nafiseh Sharafaldini

The Pezeshkian administration is set to implement a regulatory framework for overseeing border trade practices, specifically kulbari (manual border transport) and tehlanji (small-scale maritime trade). Under this framework, the government plans to manage $4 to $7 billion worth of annual imports conducted through kulbari. Abdolnaser Hemmati, Minister of Economic Affairs and Finance, announced during a […]...

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انDevelopment of the use of weapons against citizens with legal tools/ Osman Mozinan

Is might right? The law on the use of weapons by law enforcement officers in necessary situations was passed in 1373 (1994) and was drafted in the prevailing conditions after the end of the eight-year war. It seems that the aim of this law was to prevent shooting at civilians and reduce the use of […]...

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