Simultaneously with any challenge against the institution of advocacy, the issue of the presence of an independent lawyer in litigation is raised. But what is meant by this claim? Some say that since lawyers receive a fee for their work, they should not claim to be defenders of people’s rights. Do lawyers have a response […]...

It has been almost twenty-three years since the formation of teachers’ unions; twenty-three years accompanied by suppression, arrests, and expulsions. Union activities, which were hindered from the very beginning by a security-oriented government, are still under pressure and subject to suppression. Despite all of this, not only were these unions able to continue their activities […]...

The legal and executive situation regarding the issue of hijab is very complicated. This complexity has become even more strange since the start of the “Women, Life, Freedom” movement last year. Text messages about uncovering hijab, confiscation of cars, the hijab and chastity bill, nighttime arrests, internet taxis, online businesses, yogurt containers, the sealing of […]...

The purpose of writing this article is not to criticize the laws set in the country. Although numerous laws have been drafted and implemented in the years 1361, 1365, 1374, 1384, 1392, and most recently in the month of Ordibehesht of 1402 by various institutions such as the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Supreme […]...

Iranian women have been standing hand in hand for nearly a year now, against one of the most brutal and oppressive regimes ruling the world. After the tragic death of Mahsa Amini, they have filled their lives with the sweetness of a serious, courageous, and persistent struggle for freedom. They have taken off the forced […]...

Alvin Toffler, the theorist of the “Third Wave”, believes that after the two agricultural and industrial revolutions, humans have now entered the third revolution; the electronic revolution. He says that the emergence of phenomena has caused chaos and the only way to escape it is to choose a strategy of knowledge against these phenomena. Based […]...

If we want to summarize the history of Iranian television after 1357 in one sentence, we can write: A huge cultural and artistic gap between the reality of society and the programs produced. A gap that was mostly evident between the years 68 to 78. The atmosphere of revolutionary society and the subsequent eight-year war […]...

In Iran, when television was under the monopoly of the government, all windows of critical thinking were closed and all avenues of influence for thoughts, beliefs, and existing discourses were obsessively blocked. As an arm of the security apparatus, it also took on the mission of suppressing the government’s opposition. Some speakers and journalists were […]...

Human rights and visual media play a vital role in a free world and act as powerful tools for promoting transparency, accountability, and social justice. In countries that uphold the principles of freedom of expression and information, individuals have the right to produce, access, and share visual media, which can expose human rights violations, document […]...

It is rare for powers to build a memorial in condemnation or even criticism of their own actions. It is a dream if they even whisper a hidden line on a stone in the Vatican. My fault “But is there a small sign of the centuries of crimes of the Catholic Church? Is there a […]...

Definition of historical memory and its difference from history. If we study “history” officially and systematically through sources and remnants left by people in the past, the “historical memory” is that part of history which is transmitted socially, culturally, and politically through a group or community of people. Two features are mentioned to know the […]...

Some protesting artists have been banned from engaging in transactions. Violation of civil rights and human rights. In a world where social scientists, including philosophers and jurists, are striving to define a comprehensive global concept of human rights based on humanistic theories and analyses, and thinkers like Hannah Arendt and her colleagues are working towards […]...