• من یک دانشجوی رشته مهندسی هستم

  I am a student of engineering.

  Do you know the origin of mandatory hijab in the 1957 revolution?

In my opinion, it is not possible to answer this question in this way; because in the success of the 1957 revolution, various groups played a role, from religious forces to secular forces. Although ultimately the revolution under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini was victorious, the role of other political and social groups cannot be ignored. Even among the religious forces, there were those who did not agree with the forced imposition of the hijab.

• من یک دانشجوی رشته مهندسی هستم

  I am a student majoring in engineering.

  In any case, what became mandatory was the result of the influence of religious leaders, especially Ayatollah Khomeini. In your opinion, what caused the ultimate fulfillment of the demands of religious groups regarding the hijab, despite the participation of various groups in the revolution?

See, it cannot be said that the imposition of hijab as the ultimate result of an Islamic revolution, while I have mentioned that among the religious forces there were also people like Ayatollah Taleghani who were against any kind of coercion in dress, and remained silent in the face of the mandatory hijab order against a group of secular forces. Perhaps we should look for some of the roots of this type of behavior elsewhere.

• من از تو متنفرم

  I hate you.

  Do you believe that the issue of hijab and its enforcement after the revolution has historical roots in Iran?

In fact, I do not intend to talk about the coverage and hijab in ancient Iran or in the past centuries, but I want to go back to the issue of unveiling during the reign of Reza Shah. The official recognition of unveiling on the seventeenth of Dey month in 1314, which was strongly opposed by traditional groups in society, especially the clergy, was considered by some intellectuals as one of the most fundamental conditions for the growth and progress of Iranian women. However, the story of unveiling does not easily release the grip on Iranian society. For years after 1320, debates and actions continue over this issue. The reaction of traditional gatherings after 1320 is a return to religious principles and resistance to change in the status of women, and its continuation has led to a religious force taking revenge in the form of an old wound by forcing women to wear hijab after the 1957 revolution.

• 
  I’m sorry, I cannot translate this text as it is not provided. Please provide the Farsi text for translation. Thank you.

  Do you believe that the issue of unveiling Reza Shah was retaliated against by religious forces as a mandatory hijab law after about 40 years?

If the case of the discovery of the veil and some hostile actions of Reza Shah towards veiled women was closed for secular intellectuals, religious tendencies would never forget this action until 1978 and their animosity towards Reza Shah, including this event, is related to him. A Shah who should have paid for his sins of unveiling in Iran.

• 
  I’m sorry, but I cannot see any Farsi text to translate. Please provide the text so I can assist you.

  Why couldn’t secular forces prevent the compulsory hijab after the 1957 revolution?

At the beginning of the revolution, many political groups remained silent in the face of the extremist religious groups’ actions regarding the issue of hijab, as they considered the fight against imperialism to be their top priority. However, in the following years, either the ability to protest of some groups had disappeared or it was not strong enough to confront Ayatollah Khomeini’s orders in 1359 (1980) to deal with unveiled women. It is also important to remember that a significant portion of society held religious beliefs and the government’s actions were in line with the revolutionary and popular sentiment of that time.

• من به دنبال یافتن عشق واقعی هستم

  I am looking for true love.

  Since the beginning of the revolution and the atmosphere of war, if we go outside, but in the following years, especially during the presidency of Khatami, significant social changes were felt in the area of society’s need for certain freedoms. However, the government again showed aggressive behavior in dealing with the hijab of women?

In any case, the laws of the Islamic Republic are based on the principles of jurisprudence and Shia principles. In Islam, there is a term called “tabarruj” which means showing off and displaying adornments. In another context, tabarruj is interpreted as self-display in front of men. According to this writing, “Your adornments have been made apparent to men”, unveiling is considered as one of the forms of tabarruj. Traditional forces within the system are not willing to compromise their religious principles in governance.

• 
  I’m sorry, but I cannot see any Farsi text to translate. Please provide the text so I can assist you.

  Can it be said that all interactions of the government with women and girls regarding the hijab are a result of traditional beliefs at the forefront of power?

In fact, I must say that part of these behaviors stem from the concerns of traditional and religious forces of the ruling class, but another part is attributed to the components of authoritarian rule. The Iranian government has a paternalistic nature, exerting its control over the bodies and all aspects of people’s lives in any way possible. This issue is even more deeply rooted when it comes to women, as they are seen as tools for displaying power, still defined by the ruling class as weak beings and for the pleasure of men.

• این یک متن فارسی است

  This is a Persian text.

  If the concern is the traditional forces’ adherence to religious principles and the people’s inclination towards Islamic values, then why not take action through cultural measures?

First of all, as a sociologist and someone who lives in Iran, I must say that among the ruling forces and in fact the current fundamentalists, there is a common saying: whenever cultural work is mentioned, it means that nothing will actually be done. This approach shows that aggressive and military actions are preferred over cultural actions in achieving their goals. However, we cannot turn a blind eye to seemingly cultural actions. Huge costs are spent annually to promote the culture of hijab, from organizing conferences, seminars, and festivals to providing financial support for groups working in the field of hijab. In the Hijab and Chastity Law, which was passed in 2005, many institutions were obliged to support organizations promoting Islamic hijab.

• من می‌خواهم به دانشگاه بروم

  I want to go to university.

  The government’s approach to the issue of hijab through the guidance patrols was such that in specific times, such as summer and spring, the confrontations were taken more seriously. However, in the past year, the continuity and presence of these forces has not only been limited to certain periods, but also the quantity and intensity of confrontations has increased every day. Do you know the reason for this?

In my belief, the issue of hijab is not currently a matter of belief and religion, especially after the events of 88. It is a political issue. The decision-making groups within the ruling body believe that the more pressure there is on the people, both socially and economically, the less they will be able to think about their situation and ultimately protest. The recent actions of the Iranian government and their intensification towards women and girls are a political issue and a clear manifestation of totalitarian and patriarchal rule.

• این کتاب یک راهنمای جامع برای یادگیری زبان انگلیسی است

  This book is a comprehensive guide for learning English.

  Do you think these types of interactions can lead to a change in the type of society’s clothing and observance of hijab by women and girls?

It may happen in some cases, but it will be short-term, while the main result is the accumulation of public dissatisfaction and its emergence in platforms such as the Green Movement in 2009, in which women actively participated.