Childbearing in Iran: A Crisis of Trust, Economy, and Ineffective Population Policies/ Parvaneh Ahmadi

The decline in childbearing in Iran is no longer merely a statistical indicator or a demographic concern; it has become a sign of a deeper crisis in social trust, economic security, and the outlook for the future. In recent years, the government has repeatedly warned about the “aging of the population” and, through the adoption […]...

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The Impact of War on the Elderly: From Vulnerability to Human Rights Violations/ Elahe Amani

Older persons in armed conflicts, much like children, face numerous and often overlooked forms of human rights violations; patterns in which age becomes a factor that intensifies vulnerability. Despite the extensive body of literature on the challenges faced by older persons, the 12-day war and its consequences, as well as the war that began on […]...

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Comparing the New Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage with Previous Laws/ Sina Yousefi

In contemporary criminal law systems, the crime of espionage has always been classified among the most serious offenses against national security, because it concerns attacks on the fundamental interests of the state and the disclosure of information that may endanger the country’s political, military, or diplomatic security. However, the gravity of this crime has never […]...

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Examining the Ambiguity and Expansion of the Crime of Espionage in Iranian Criminal Law/ Mousa Barzin

After the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, the number of cases related to espionage and cooperation with hostile states increased significantly. The atmosphere in the country after the war became highly securitized, and the government tried to show that a significant part of the damage and blows suffered had resulted from intelligence infiltration and […]...

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Repression and Execution Under the Unforgivable Charge of Espionage/ Morteza Hamounian

Each time, the government finds a new pretext to take human lives; a government that, throughout its existence, has shown that it places no value on the lives of citizens. The latest example became clear during the war between the United States and Israel and Iran, when it was revealed that for years, massive budgets […]...

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From the Crime of “Espionage” to the Criminalization of “Intent to Collaborate”/ Maryam Abedi

Crimes against national security have always been regarded among the most sensitive and severe areas of criminal law. In all legal systems, governments consider the protection of secrets, classified information, vital facilities, and security structures to be among the fundamental elements of their political and sovereign survival. For this reason, espionage is recognized as one […]...

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Comparative Comparison of Spy and Espionage in the Law of Iran and Other Countries / Eldar Khiavi

The public atmosphere in Iran has become heavy and frightening in recent months with the news of the successive executions of individuals convicted of espionage. The term “espionage” is not a common term in public opinion, especially in times of war, external threat, or security crisis. This charge is linked to the security of the […]...

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New law increases penalties for espionage and blurs boundaries between financial transactions/ Shabnam Moeinipour

The discussion of espionage, cooperation with intelligence services of other countries or financing of violent acts are undoubtedly legitimate areas of criminal law intervention. No responsible legal system can be indifferent to real threats to the lives of citizens, territorial integrity, public security and critical infrastructure. But the problem begins when “national security” is transformed […]...

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Execution in the name of security; Intensification of the crackdown on espionage charges in Iran/ Nafiseh Motlagh

Following the escalation of military tensions and attacks by the United States and Israel, the judicial process of dealing with charges of “espionage” and “collaboration with hostile states” in Iran has entered a new phase. What is more controversial than the laws themselves is the way they are implemented: expedited proceedings, lack of transparency, and […]...

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Media Cooperation with Abroad: Where Is the Boundary Between Reporting and Espionage?/ Mustafa Danandeh

During the two twelve-day and forty-day wars, the relationship between “media activity” and “national security” in Iran entered a new stage. A stage in which sending a video, publishing a report, or even speaking with media outlets outside the country can be interpreted under concepts such as “cooperation with a hostile state” or “espionage.” The […]...

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