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Banān Yahiā Niā

Peace Line/ Yehia Nia’s Signature

Every year, thousands of people from around the world leave their homes and countries for various reasons to find a safe place, a home, and their homeland. They face many difficulties and hardships along the way. Often, these individuals can only save their own lives and reach a safe place. Forced migration and seeking refuge have always been of great importance in the world, and despite the presentation of international solutions, the number of refugees and asylum seekers in the world continues to increase every day.

Due to the importance of this issue, the United Nations has recognized this vulnerable group as a legal entity and considers the right to asylum as a fundamental human right. In fact, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states in Article 14:

Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution, torture, and harassment in other countries.

The Middle East, especially societies like Iran or Afghanistan, have been dealing with the issue of asylum for a long time. Many Iranians live outside their homeland and at the same time,

Definitions.

A refugee is a person who is forced to leave their country and has a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political beliefs, and is at risk of harm in the future due to their presence in their country of origin. This fear may include harassment, threats to their life or freedom, or severe discrimination, not only by the government but also by social groups that the government is unable or unwilling to control. One of the main reasons for seeking refuge is the presence of war. Another significant reason is likely to be the political, economic, and cultural conditions of their home country.

Legal perspective.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is the head and coordinator of refugee support issues around the world. At the beginning of 2006, it estimated that there were 8.4 million refugees in all countries, the lowest number since 1980. In June 2011, the High Commissioner for Refugees estimated the number of refugees to be approximately 15.1 million. Another group that is considered similar to refugees is internally displaced persons (IDPs), who have a different legal definition and are not necessarily recognized as refugees since they have not crossed any international borders. At the beginning of 2012, the Office of the High Commissioner reported that the number of IDPs in all countries was estimated to be 15.4 million. The number of IDPs at the end of 2012 was still almost twice the number at the beginning of the year, with an estimated 28.8 million people.

History.

For the first time, King Ethelbert established the law of seeking refuge in churches and sacred places in the 7th century AD, although the belief that seeking refuge in a sacred place should protect a person from harm has its roots in ancient Greece and Egypt.

If we were to define the 1951 Convention on Refugees as the basis for identifying refugees before that time, many people would have qualified as refugees; for example, after the enactment of the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685, Protestantism was declared illegal in France and hundreds of thousands of members of the Protestant Church fled to countries such as England, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.

The waves of mass killings in Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries emptied the region of its inhabitants and led to the mass migration of Jews. (2 million Jews from Russia between 1881 and 1920). In the early years of the 19th century, Muslims migrated to Turkey.

Refugee cases related to Iran and Afghanistan.
Afghanistan was known as the largest source of refugees until 2012. The country had been in this position for 32 consecutive years.
Out of every four refugees in the world, one is from Afghanistan and 95% of them live in Iran and Pakistan (statistics until 2012).
Most Afghans were forced to leave their homes and migrate to neighboring countries, especially Iran and Pakistan, due to the Soviet war in their country.
This war, from 1979 to late 2001, resulted in more than one million deaths and over six million migrants and displaced people. Since early 2002, more than five million Afghans (3.5 million in Pakistan and 1.5 million in Iran) have been returned to their country through the UNHCR in Iran and Pakistan.
Since 2007, the Iranian government has forced many unregistered refugees (some registered as well) to return to their country. In addition, 362,000 people were

For example:

The number of Iranians who have applied for asylum in Germany from 1984 until the end of 2012 is over 126,000, and there are also more than 110,000 Iranians living in Sweden.