The evolution of criminal justice and the transition from personal revenge and arbitrary justice to modern legal and penal systems is one of the signs of the civilization of human societies. Today, resorting to arbitrary justice is in clear contradiction with the right to a fair trial and human rights and in conflict with the […]...

The twelve-day war between Iran and Israel was a short-term armed conflict that caused devastating physical, psychological, and financial harm to civilians. Of particular importance is an examination of the rights of children—the most vulnerable group in society—who were directly affected by this war, as well as the responsibilities of governments in this regard. These […]...

Human rights, along with the enactment of laws to recognize these rights, establish mechanisms to ensure their realization, and define their limitations, have always evolved in response to changing human needs, societal developments, and advancements in science and technology. Many emerging legal issues, while interpretable and inferable from previously recognized principles and laws, require new […]...