According to reports published on social media in the past weeks, security forces have displayed another form of violence against women by violating their privacy at metro stations and continuing the enforcement of compulsory hijab. According to these reports, passengers are confronted with officers who, without their consent, confiscate and search their mobile phones under […]...

Privacy, while seemingly simple, is considered one of the most controversial and difficult concepts in the field of law, and it is a concept that almost defies a single, uniform definition. This is despite the fact that in many legal cases, especially in the realm of human rights, lawyers have reached relatively clear and consistent […]...

Privacy and personal freedoms are one of the most valuable rights of citizenship that people in most countries around the world have fought hard and sometimes bloody battles to obtain. These are the divine and human rights that God has bestowed upon them. Privacy and personal freedoms are subsets of social freedoms, and true democracy, […]...

The discussion of “citizenship rights” has had many ups and downs throughout history, starting with political rights in ancient Greece and later evolving into cultural, social, and civil rights. Recently, with the expansion of digital technologies and virtual space, the topic of citizenship rights in the digital and virtual realm has gained attention. For years, […]...

The real world is not like a movie or a novel. In the real world, there are no spies with small devices taking pictures from behind tall walls, and no “big brother” watching inside our homes, lest someone have secret notes. At least our imagination is that we have not yet reached that point. But […]...

Since legal systems gradually became instruments for exerting individual power over individuals and enforcing obedience to the commands of authority, the nature and use of laws have changed and turned into systems for reflecting the collective will and safeguarding individual rights. Systems based on the rule of law have emerged, increasingly emphasizing the importance and […]...

With the advancement of technology and increase in global communication, the sanctity of privacy and the shield of anonymity are facing unprecedented challenges. This struggle is nowhere more evident than in countries where government surveillance casts a shadow over everything. Iran, with the use of a powerful surveillance apparatus, appears as a focal point for […]...

One of the most important criteria for determining the existence of “rule of law” (1) in a society is the level of respect and protection of privacy and individuality of its members. The more effective and efficient guarantees are in place in a legal system to safeguard and prevent intrusion into individuals’ privacy, the more […]...

Empty space of security The role and importance of communication and information technology in the 21st century world is undeniable. It can confidently be said that the gap between people’s presence in the virtual space and the real world is rapidly closing. In just one year (April 2021 to April 2022), two hundred million more […]...

We sat down with Akbar Aalamy, a lawyer and certified legal expert in the field of “privacy” and its place in various cultures and laws, especially in Iran. Mr. Aalamy, who was also a former representative of the National Security and Foreign Policy Commission in the sixth and seventh terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly […]...