One of the characteristics of humans is the ability to think abstractly and use symbolism. Humans encode and mark their thoughts into a framework of verbal, visual, and auditory symbols and use these symbols and signs to convey their intended concepts. A “symbol” or “icon” within the framework of an object or image, and sometimes […]...

In recent years, research has shown that the Chinese government is trying to have complete control over society through big data collected from the internet. This authoritarian government uses this control to maintain its existing dictatorship in all aspects of citizens’ lives. The purpose of this control is not just suppression; rather, big data informs […]...

After widespread protests in Iran that began on September 22, 1982 and continue in various forms until now, the government temporarily and unofficially dismantled an institution called “Gasht-e Ershad”. However, apparently in recent weeks and with the start of the hot season in Iran, this institution has returned to the streets under the name “Noor […]...

In a classification, rights can be categorized into existing rights and desirable rights. What comes later and is compatible with its time, is desirable rights, and existing rights may not necessarily be compatible with current circumstances. However, what is recognized in society as legal norms and is referenced in courts, is existing rights. We may […]...

It has been nearly 45 years that Iranian women and girls have been continuously fighting against the mandatory hijab law in the Islamic Republic. The government has made every effort to force the black chador on all Iranian women, but has faced defeat. The result of 45 years of “Guidance Patrol” and “Enjoining Good” has […]...

From the fifteenth of Farvardin, when the leader of the Islamic Republic rose up with a high spirit from the principles and rules of jurisprudence, religion, rights, and ethics, and with the concept of “political taboo,” another war against unveiled women began. All military, police, security, and overt and covert forces have been mobilized to […]...

The recent wave of suppressing women’s choice of clothing once again brings to mind the unsafe history of silencing, suppressing, harassing, denying, and expelling women from public spaces, especially the streets, in the past 45 years. The “Light Plan,” which has been implemented for a month now, once again tests the unsuccessful attempts of the […]...

The rule of law, one of the most important components and characteristics of modern societies, is considered. It is under the rule of law that the institutions of power, arising from the will of the public, are responsible for enforcing laws and are protected by this progressive principle. These institutions are limited and confined within […]...

Based on the principles of the constitution and legal and religious rules, no authority or entity in any position or situation has the right to issue orders or take actions without legal permission and against legal rules. This obvious and clear rule has been accepted and confirmed by all human societies since ancient times. Even […]...

In the past, I had trouble with the phrase “women’s rights” and would ask myself: Can “rights” have a gender? With a belief in “human rights”, women’s rights should also be seen within the same concept and respected. But in a meeting with lawyers, especially experts in “fundamental rights”, I learned that women, and at […]...

Photos, especially those taken during historical events, are one of the best storytellers in their silence. From February 1, 1979, and the arrival of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, dozens, if not hundreds, of photos have been captured. The diversity and variety of the attendees, both politically and in terms of lifestyle, can be seen with […]...

In recent years, Iranian society has witnessed a renewed effort to enforce strict regulations regarding the dress code and hijab for women in public spaces. These actions, aimed at imposing a specific type of dress on women, have sparked significant debates both domestically and internationally. This article aims to examine the recent actions of the […]...