“Collective Rights” is a topic that is often overlooked among Iranian intellectuals. Discussions about human rights usually focus on individual rights, and less attention is paid to collective rights. If we were to define “collective rights,” we could refer to the definition given by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which states: “Group rights concern the […]...

According to the law, which is superior to all human laws, people consider the right to final decision-making, which belongs to the members of society, to be reserved for themselves. They do not seek divine intervention as long as they can resort to earthly arbitration. “Jan Lak, Two Treatises on Government” The Magna Carta (Latin: […]...

The title of lifestyle in Iran is entangled with humiliation, resistance, pressure, and freedom. After the 1967 revolution, the story of imposing a lifestyle and resistance against it emerged, although it is not similar to the Eastern bloc and communist and fascist regimes, but in some levels it is similar to them. Iranians had this […]...

Natural rights are rights that are given to individuals based on “natural law” and are inherent, unconditional, and unchangeable. They cannot be transferred to anyone else and are equal for all human beings, without being subject to the agreement of others, the existence of political and judicial institutions, or laws and traditions. Therefore, natural rights […]...

In a situation where two individuals have equal qualifications and competencies for a position, how can one be chosen? To answer this question, we must first clarify our understanding of the term “position”. A position is a job that is created for social purposes and no one owns it. There are many jobs where the […]...

Sharing knowledge and information is a part of cultural, social, and political activities through digital technologies. Thanks to the internet, information is shared and spread quickly. That’s why we like to share our favorite cultural information with others. For this reason, we produce shared information and works such as Wikipedia or some free software. ACTA, […]...

1. Steps towards peacebuilding The 18th century is widely known as the end of Europe’s decline. In line with the Industrial Revolution, there was significant growth in industry, agriculture, production, and transportation. At the same time, we witnessed the beginning of a widespread “peace movement” on this continent, with the starting point being Immanuel Kant’s […]...

Why is it so difficult to achieve collective success in Iran? Why is it rare to find productive discussions among Iranian intellectuals that do not result in verbal conflict? Why are we like this? How can we find an answer to such a question? Should we compare ourselves to other nations or should we critique […]...

The motivation for writing these lines is the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to the European Union in October, an event that may have been one of the most challenging decisions of the award committee; with widespread critical feedback, sometimes humorous and even sarcastic. But before delving into this action, let us become more […]...