Fire in the heart of “Aghajan” / Azar Taherabad

The hot summer morning air in “Aghajan” is bitter; the smell of burning smoke, city sewage left in the streets, and the strong scent of mixed substances. The approximate distance from this neighborhood to the heart of the city is about ten minutes. From the moment I step into the neighborhood, I realize that this […]...

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Attack on Prisons During Wartime: Solution or Tragedy?/ Majid Shia Ali

There is precedent in modern military history for air assaults on prisons. In some cases, such incidents result from operational errors or misfires during broader military campaigns. One of the most tragic examples occurred in May 1999, when NATO launched strikes in response to the Serbian army’s ethnic repression of Kosovar Albanians. Among the multiple […]...

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Espionage: The Regime’s Worn-Out Tool to Silence Dissent/ Reza Alijani

Onstage and Behind the Scenes of the Ratification of Article Nine of the Constitution Article 9 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states: “In the Islamic Republic of Iran, freedom, independence, unity, and the territorial integrity of the country are inseparable, and preserving them is the duty of the government and all […]...

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Checkpoint or Deathtrap? A Dark Account from Tarik-Darreh, Hamedan After the Twelve-Day War / Reza Harisi

The end of the twelve-day war between Iran and Israel, contrary to public expectations, did not result in a fragile peace but rather ushered in a disturbing and unstable state within the country. During the war and immediately following the announcement of the ceasefire, security and military forces of the Islamic Republic established hundreds of […]...

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Revisiting the Role of the Media in the Twelve-Day War/ Mina Javani

In times of crisis—particularly within the context of military conflicts—the media move beyond their conventional role as mere transmitters of information. They become active agents in shaping public opinion, constructing dominant narratives, and organizing collective emotions. The twelve-day war between Iran and Israel once again demonstrated that the battlefield is not confined to weaponry and […]...

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Children’s Rights in Armed Conflicts: An Examination of the Twelve-Day War Between Iran and Israel/ Abouzar Zaman

The twelve-day war between Iran and Israel was a short-term armed conflict that caused devastating physical, psychological, and financial harm to civilians. Of particular importance is an examination of the rights of children—the most vulnerable group in society—who were directly affected by this war, as well as the responsibilities of governments in this regard. These […]...

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The Twelve-Day War and Unprotected Civilians in Iran/ Sina Yousefi

Following the twelve-day conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the State of Israel, the issue of civilian protection during armed conflict—one of the fundamental and imperative principles of international humanitarian law—has gained renewed urgency and relevance. The nature of modern warfare, often marked by aerial and missile attacks on urban areas, places civilian […]...

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Lived Experience of Iranians During the Twelve-Day War/ Pardis Parsa

In the early hours of June 12, 2025 (23 Khordad 1404), with the launch of Israeli airstrikes on Iranian soil, a new chapter in Iran’s contemporary history was opened. The deafening sounds of explosions and reports of military commanders and nuclear scientists being killed were the signs of a war that quickly surpassed military confrontation, […]...

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The Illusion of War’s End and Security: Citizens Still on the Battlefield/ Elaheh Amani

The devastating twelve-day war, which temporarily ended after claiming the lives of 1,190 people and injuring more than 4,475 in Iran (1), once again brings to mind a quote often attributed to Plato: in societies where political power rests in the hands of authoritarian rulers, even after a military war ends, the living continue to […]...

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When the Twelve-Day War Reached the Internet/ Fereshteh Goli

In today’s world, the internet has a clear meaning: a tool for fast, direct, and uncensored communication among people, with access to firsthand news and information—even if that information is sometimes incorrect or misleading. In any case, the right to access the internet is recognized in international law as part of fundamental human rights and […]...

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