Human rights, one of the main focuses and perhaps the first focus on a healthy human being, has been present in all aspects of life throughout history. It can be said that the most fundamental and universal right that every individual can benefit from simply by being human is human rights. Therefore, these rights are not limited by physical or contractual boundaries in the world, and every person has the right to benefit from these rights regardless of race, gender, ideology, etc. By carefully examining the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the provisions of other statements and conventions, it can be seen that although human rights have been considered from many aspects, in order to achieve complete physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health – which includes a complete definition of health – all of these rights must be taken into account. In fact, it can be said that respecting human rights is a necessary condition for achieving holistic health for all individuals. Perhaps this is why some intellectuals consider a healthy human being as the focus of sustainable development.

If we accept that the pillars of human rights are the foundation, consisting of at least thirty pillars, with a careful look at these pillars we find that all of them have targeted one of the dimensions of human health, but the noteworthy point is the right to health of the entire society, which has been emphasized independently in the pillars of human rights.

Human rights organizations and activists in this field are striving to create the most desirable methods for evaluating the observance of human rights in each axis, and ultimately, by integrating these assessments, they can portray the human rights record in each country.

In each of the discussed areas, there are complexities and problems related to its specific field, and the consideration of human health rights is not an exception to this rule. In order to better understand the methods of evaluating human rights in the health sector, we will briefly discuss the structure of evaluating this right and briefly mention potential weaknesses, such as examining the role of clean water in the issue of human rights for every individual in society and its possible consequences.

In human rights assessment methods, the attempt is made to select indicators and criteria that are in line with international human rights documents; undoubtedly, achieving all of these criteria, if not impossible, is a very difficult task.

In order to properly monitor any activity, it is necessary to consider an appropriate and aligned method that can accurately depict any deviation from the established criteria for that activity using intelligent and precise mechanisms. It can be said that designing a suitable structure for monitoring any activity is much more important than the actual monitoring, as without a well-designed and comprehensive evaluation system, any evaluation can become subjective or only highlight a small part of the current principles in the activity, losing its comprehensiveness. It seems necessary to define appropriate indicators for measuring and monitoring activities in order to prevent potential deviations from the established frameworks and design a structured evaluation mechanism for each activity.

Therefore, it seems necessary at first to become familiar with all the principles and elements of human rights, global declarations, and defined standards of human rights, and then illustrate the relationship and interaction of these principles with each other, and based on that, design the infrastructure and framework for evaluating the observance of human rights in countries. However, another important point is obtaining accurate statistical information to measure these indicators, which in countries where human rights are less considered, accessing this information will be more difficult.

In any case, it seems that the first step towards developing an appropriate method for evaluating the observance of human rights in all sectors, including the health sector, is to develop a suitable conceptual and cognitive framework. In fact, this framework should be formulated in a way that has an organized and consistent approach for translating global human rights standards into measurable indicators and criteria in countries.

Therefore, it is very important that these indicators are defined accurately and precisely, and that a suitable logic is used to collect data and present relevant information for the development of indicators. It is essential that this information is regularly accessible. It goes without saying that if these considerations are not taken into account during the design and explanation of indicators, the possibility of errors during reporting and follow-up will greatly increase.

From the introduction mentioned above, we are faced with an undeniable reality, which is the vastness of the foundations of human rights and its many aspects, making it very complex to evaluate its compliance, especially in technical fields. It can be said that in countries where these principles are not fundamentally respected, understanding them is much easier than cases that require in-depth analysis and specialized investigations. In order to achieve a suitable result in formulating evaluation methods in terms of comprehensiveness and universality, we need to clarify and accurately outline the requirements in the method we design.

The structure of evaluating human rights in health.

Although this discussion is very detailed and sometimes beyond the patience of a few lines, it should be briefly mentioned that the methods of evaluating human rights in health are mainly based on three axes: evaluation criteria and indicators based on the structure of service delivery, final service records in the health system, and processes are stable.

At first glance, the approach to evaluating the observance of human rights in the health sector seems desirable, but upon closer examination, it can be seen that this evaluation method may have an impact on the overall health of society. This is because government interventions that take place outside of the healthcare system, such as controlling satellite receivers or producing unhealthy gasoline, can have long-term effects on the health of society, and may not be reflected in current indicators. These effects are often overlooked. In fact, these effects only become apparent when the health of society is affected. It seems that the monitoring role of these indicators and human rights institutions should be revisited, so that they can defend the right to health of the people and react to violations of human rights, rather than condemning those who have already put the health of society at risk.

The issue of clean water is one of these issues that has been mentioned in the environmental and health sectors and has received less attention in terms of communication and awareness among the general public. It is the right of every individual to know what endangers their health and to demand that governments reduce potential risks for themselves and their children. Perhaps with the example of harmful substances in the water of major cities and underprivileged areas of the country, which can pose serious threats to the health of the community, and due to inadequate communication and awareness by government officials and relevant authorities, these risks become even more severe. This makes it necessary to clarify the issue.

You may have occasionally seen in the news that responsible authorities have issued warnings about the presence of harmful substances such as arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and nitrates in the drinking water of cities, or warnings about pollution caused by irrigating agricultural products with urban sewage. Unfortunately, these news are either quickly removed or denied, and in the most normal case, they are forgotten over time. In this discussion, we briefly mention the harms of each of these substances.

Although the causes of pollution and the solutions to address them cannot be fully explained in this brief text, it is essential for people to be aware of the harmful effects of these substances on their health, as it is their fundamental and basic right.

Arsenic

Based on existing studies, arsenic (in order to recognize arsenic more, it is enough to call its oxide mouse death and its sulfide orpiment) in drinking water and food can cause long-term skin damage and various types of cancer (liver, lung, skin, kidney, bladder, prostate, etc.), some vascular diseases, some nerve damage, and many other diseases. New information and investigations show serious concerns about the danger of arsenic in drinking water, irrigation of agricultural products, and consumption of contaminated food and its products. The most important action in dealing with this is to prevent the consumption of water and food contaminated with arsenic. Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic in drinking water can cause thickening and discoloration of the skin, nausea, diarrhea, decreased production of blood cells, heart rhythm disorders, damage to blood vessels, and numbness in hands and feet. Short-term exposure to arsenic can also lead to stomach and intestinal sensitivities, difficulty

Investigations and available evidence show that in some urban and rural areas of the country, there is a problem with the presence of arsenic in drinking water, which has put the health of a significant number of people at risk.

Nitrates

Neglecting the construction of a sewage collection network can increase the risk of nitrate contamination in groundwater and turn it into a health threat for the people living in cities and other residential areas. This has happened in some cities in the country and has exposed citizens in many areas to using water contaminated with nitrate levels higher than the standard. The statement of the head of the Environmental Commission of Tehran City Council regarding the excessive nitrate pollution in Tehran’s water and the repeated denials of other officials are a clear example of disregarding the rights of citizens and lack of transparency in information dissemination. A study published by the National Inspection Organization in previous years shows that the measurement of nitrate levels in more than 5,000 wells indicates that only 29% of them were within the standard range.

Similarly, the highest levels of nitrate have been observed in the southern regions, followed by the southwestern region and then in the east of Tehran.

The most important effect of nitrates in the body is disruption in the oxygen delivery system. People who consume high levels of water containing nitrates, this substance settles on their red blood cells, gradually causing a disruption in oxygen delivery to tissues. As a result, enough oxygen does not reach the heart, lungs, and brain, leading to sensory impairment. Additionally, chest pain, shortness of breath, and sensory impairment can be consequences of the presence of nitrates in the body. On the other hand, the effect of nitrates on the blood should not be ignored, as this substance combines with hemoglobin and disrupts oxygen delivery. This can cause more serious problems in children, especially infants, and can lead to changes in lip and tongue color. If not addressed promptly, it can result in the death of the infant. Furthermore, when the percentage of nitrate pollution in water increases, it can cause gastritis and ultimately increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancer in individuals. This

In any case, in Tehran and other major cities, irrigation of agricultural lands is done with the same water, and the nitrates present in the water are absorbed by plants and enter the human body through consumption.

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As mentioned, health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being and every individual has the right to know what dangers threaten their health in their surrounding environment, and what expectations or expectations they should have from their government officials and community leaders based on the threats to their health. Although the easiest way to reduce this demand is to hide information, unfortunately, hiding the truth leads to serious risks to the future health of society and its consequences will be evident when, as they say, the damage is already done and the health of a large group of people in society is disrupted. It seems that at this time, the role of human rights activists will be much more important and crucial; because people are deprived of their basic rights due to lack of proper information, and this weakness is also seen in human rights assessment methods, which are based on the structure of health service delivery mechanisms, which often take years to show results. And these processes are less visible. Of course, it is necessary to mention that in