Air Pollution as a Social Crisis/Mina Jawani

In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most persistent and complex environmental and social challenges in Iran’s major cities; a challenge that, although seemingly an environmental and public health issue, functions far beyond an ecological crisis in sociological analysis. Today, air pollution has emerged as a “full-fledged social phenomenon”; a phenomenon in […]...

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Taxing Nazri Food: An Efficient Strategy for Reducing Energy Waste or an Inappropriate Measure? / Parvaneh Ahmadi

Mourning ceremonies and Nazri offerings are an inseparable part of the religious and social culture in certain communities, particularly in Iran. In these occasions, the long-standing tradition of preparing and distributing food as Nazri takes on a prominent role. These offerings, beyond their spiritual and religious aspects, are widely distributed among the general public, the […]...

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The Gorgan Gulf crisis is not less than that of Lake Urmia / Daniel Babayani.

This is a caption. Daniel Babayani Gorgan Gulf, as the largest gulf in the Caspian Sea, is strategically located on political borders and this has led to a special interest and inclination towards it by the Russians, especially during the Qajar era. The great depth of water and the docking of commercial and passenger ships […]...

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