Execution is considered one of the most controversial forms of punishment in criminal systems around the world. After the advancement of civil society in different countries, the issue of executions has always been subject to moral, legal, and political criticisms. However, what has caused increased concern in recent years is the significant rise in “political […]...

The death penalty is one of the most controversial topics in contemporary criminal law. Despite the global trend towards limiting and abolishing it, it is still used in some countries – especially in cases of serious crimes. In some countries, it is also used as a political tool not only to combat crime, but also […]...

In the month of Khordad 1391 (June 2012), the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran said in a ceremony commemorating the anniversary of the establishment of the ruling system in Iran: “We have set a record.” The reality is that he was right; even before that time, the Islamic Republic was one of the […]...

Usually, from the moment the accusation against a parent becomes clear, or even from the moment of arrest and being charged with a crime, the mourning of the child and the family of the arrested person begins. This mourning, which can take the form of prolonged grief, becomes complicated grief as the trial process drags […]...

In 2024, Amnesty International recorded a total of 1518 executions in 15 countries, which was 32% higher than in 2023. This statistic does not include the number of executions in China, as the number of executions in China is confidential. Obtaining statistics from other countries such as North Korea and Vietnam has also been difficult, […]...

In recent years, the significant increase in laws and executions in Iran, especially after the recent nationwide protests, has raised deep questions about the social, political, and ideological function of this punishment in the Islamic Republic. This essay seeks to analyze execution not only as a means of criminal punishment, but also as a mechanism […]...

Based on the recent report by Amnesty International (published on April 8, 2025), (1) the Islamic Republic, with a minimum of 972 executions, accounts for more than 64% of all recorded executions in the world. This figure puts the regime ruling over Iran in the first place among the countries carrying out executions in the […]...

Based on the evidence remaining from ancient times, what has always been a fundamental and eternal question and challenge for humanity is human rights, especially in the form of natural and fundamental rights, namely the “right to life”. The embodiment and tangible manifestation of this right has been the source of other human rights, which […]...

Nowadays, most people in Iran are familiar with the term “hard core of the system”. This core, according to the laws of the Islamic Republic, refers to the leader and his inner circle. According to this definition, the inner circle of the system must be made up of high-ranking military commanders appointed by the leader […]...

The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW or UNCSW) is one of the most important committees of this organization, which was established in 1946 with the goal of gender equality and helping the progress of women. This commission was founded as a mechanism for promoting, reporting, and monitoring issues related to women’s political, economic, […]...

In the midst of the recent years’ intense transformations and chronic instabilities, Iranian society has been faced with a multifaceted erosion of social fabric; a situation that is not only observable in economic and political indicators, but also in the lived experiences of citizens. Among the key components of this multi-layered crisis, three phenomena stand […]...

Philosophical schools of thought in legal theory differ significantly on the legal legitimacy of activities such as fortune-telling, amulet writing, palm reading, psychic readings, mind reading, and all services based on claims of supernatural powers. Libertarians argue for the legality of these businesses, claiming that as long as individuals voluntarily and willingly purchase such services […]...