{"id":39823,"date":"2024-04-27T19:00:26","date_gmt":"2024-04-27T19:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/35.85.16.36\/main-page\/"},"modified":"2024-07-17T07:49:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T07:49:17","slug":"main-page","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/","title":{"rendered":"Peace Line Monthly"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<div class=\"container pt-120 \">\n\n  <div class=\"writer-alider-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"writers-list\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex flex-col\">\n        <div class=\"writer-heading\">\n            <h3>Writers<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"writers d-flex flex-col custom-scrollbar\" id=\"writersScrollingDiv\">\n            <div id=\"ajax-load-more\" class=\"ajax-load-more-wrap infinite fading-circles\"  data-alm-id=\"\" data-canonical-url=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/\" data-slug=\"main-page\" data-post-id=\"39823\"  data-localized=\"ajax_load_more_vars\" data-alm-object=\"ajax_load_more\"><ul aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"alm-listing alm-ajax\" data-container-type=\"ul\" data-loading-style=\"infinite fading-circles\" data-repeater=\"default\" data-post-type=\"author\" data-order=\"DESC\" data-orderby=\"rand\" data-offset=\"0\" data-posts-per-page=\"10\" data-lang=\"en\" data-pause-override=\"true\" data-button-label=\"Load More\" data-prev-button-label=\"Load Previous\"><\/ul><div class=\"alm-btn-wrap\" data-rel=\"ajax-load-more\"><button class=\"alm-load-more-btn \" type=\"button\">Load More<\/button><\/div><\/div>        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <div class=\"writer-slider-section \">\n\n      \n        <div id=\"slider\" dir='ltr'>\n\n          <div class=\"dp-wrap\">\n\n            <div id=\"dp-slider\">\n\n              \n                  <div class=\"dp_item\" data-class=\"1\" data-position=\"1\">\n\n                    <div class=\"dp-img\">\n\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/conversation\/tanaz-kolahchian-in-the-new-law-intensifying-espionage-any-citizen-can-be-accused-of-espionage-ali-kalai\/\">\n\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ali-Kalaei-181.jpg\" alt=\"Tannaz Kolahchian: Under the New Law on Intensifying Espionage, Any Citizen Can Be Accused of Espionage\/ Ali Kalaei\">\n\n                      <\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                  <\/div>\n\n              \n                  <div class=\"dp_item\" data-class=\"2\" data-position=\"2\">\n\n                    <div class=\"dp-img\">\n\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Sina-Yousefi-181.jpg\" alt=\"Comparing the New Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage with Previous Laws\/ Sina Yousefi\">\n\n                      <\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                  <\/div>\n\n              \n                  <div class=\"dp_item\" data-class=\"3\" data-position=\"3\">\n\n                    <div class=\"dp-img\">\n\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Musa-Barzin-181.jpg\" alt=\"Examining the Ambiguity and Expansion of the Crime of Espionage in Iranian Criminal Law\/ Mousa Barzin\">\n\n                      <\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                  <\/div>\n\n              \n                  <div class=\"dp_item\" data-class=\"4\" data-position=\"4\">\n\n                    <div class=\"dp-img\">\n\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Morteza-Hamounian-181.jpg\" alt=\"Repression and Execution Under the Unforgivable Charge of Espionage\/ Morteza Hamounian\">\n\n                      <\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                  <\/div>\n\n              \n                  <div class=\"dp_item\" data-class=\"5\" data-position=\"5\">\n\n                    <div class=\"dp-img\">\n\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\">\n\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Eldar-Khiavi-181.jpg\" alt=\"Comparative Comparison of Spy and Espionage in the Law of Iran and Other Countries \/ Eldar Khiavi\">\n\n                      <\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                  <\/div>\n\n              \n                  <div class=\"dp_item\" data-class=\"6\" data-position=\"6\">\n\n                    <div class=\"dp-img\">\n\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/national-security-through-execution-and-repression-majid-shia-ali\/\">\n\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Majid-Shiaali-181.jpg\" alt=\"National Security Through Execution and Repression?\/ Majid Shia&#8217;ali\">\n\n                      <\/a>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                  <\/div>\n\n              \n            <\/div>\n\n\n\n            <span id=\"dp-next\">\n\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/right-slider-arrow.svg\" \/>\n\n            <\/span>\n\n\n\n            <span id=\"dp-prev\">\n\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/left-slider-arrow.svg\" \/>\n\n            <\/span>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      \n      \n          <div class=\"post-section-below-slider\" data-section-class=\"1\">\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-content\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/national-security-through-execution-and-repression-majid-shia-ali\/\">\n\n                <h3>National Security Through Execution and Repression?\/ Majid Shia&#8217;ali<\/h3>\n\n              <\/a>\n\n              <p>Since the beginning of the war, human rights violations by the ruling establishment in Iran have increased significantly. In the days after the ceasefire, not a day goes by without news of executions carried out on the basis of death sentences issued through a deeply flawed judicial process and with clear political orientations. The process [&hellip;]\n              <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/national-security-through-execution-and-repression-majid-shia-ali\/\">\n\n              Read More\n            <\/a>\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-footer-wrap d-flex justify-content-space-between\">\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-author\">\n\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                Created By:\n                Editor\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n          <div class=\"post-section-below-slider\" data-section-class=\"2\">\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-content\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\">\n\n                <h3>Comparative Comparison of Spy and Espionage in the Law of Iran and Other Countries \/ Eldar Khiavi<\/h3>\n\n              <\/a>\n\n              <p>The public atmosphere in Iran has become heavy and frightening in recent months with the news of the successive executions of individuals convicted of espionage. The term \u201cespionage\u201d is not a common term in public opinion, especially in times of war, external threat, or security crisis. This charge is linked to the security of the [&hellip;]\n              <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\">\n\n              Read More\n            <\/a>\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-footer-wrap d-flex justify-content-space-between\">\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-author\">\n\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                Created By:\n                Editor\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n          <div class=\"post-section-below-slider\" data-section-class=\"3\">\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-content\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                <h3>Repression and Execution Under the Unforgivable Charge of Espionage\/ Morteza Hamounian<\/h3>\n\n              <\/a>\n\n              <p>Each time, the government finds a new pretext to take human lives; a government that, throughout its existence, has shown that it places no value on the lives of citizens. The latest example became clear during the war between the United States and Israel and Iran, when it was revealed that for years, massive budgets [&hellip;]\n              <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n              Read More\n            <\/a>\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-footer-wrap d-flex justify-content-space-between\">\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-author\">\n\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                Created By:\n                Editor\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n          <div class=\"post-section-below-slider\" data-section-class=\"4\">\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-content\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                <h3>Examining the Ambiguity and Expansion of the Crime of Espionage in Iranian Criminal Law\/ Mousa Barzin<\/h3>\n\n              <\/a>\n\n              <p>After the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, the number of cases related to espionage and cooperation with hostile states increased significantly. The atmosphere in the country after the war became highly securitized, and the government tried to show that a significant part of the damage and blows suffered had resulted from intelligence infiltration and [&hellip;]\n              <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n              Read More\n            <\/a>\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-footer-wrap d-flex justify-content-space-between\">\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-author\">\n\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                Created By:\n                Editor\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n          <div class=\"post-section-below-slider\" data-section-class=\"5\">\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-content\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n                <h3>Comparing the New Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage with Previous Laws\/ Sina Yousefi<\/h3>\n\n              <\/a>\n\n              <p>In contemporary criminal law systems, the crime of espionage has always been classified among the most serious offenses against national security, because it concerns attacks on the fundamental interests of the state and the disclosure of information that may endanger the country\u2019s political, military, or diplomatic security. However, the gravity of this crime has never [&hellip;]\n              <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n              Read More\n            <\/a>\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-footer-wrap d-flex justify-content-space-between\">\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-author\">\n\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                Created By:\n                Editor\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n          <div class=\"post-section-below-slider\" data-section-class=\"6\">\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-content\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/conversation\/tanaz-kolahchian-in-the-new-law-intensifying-espionage-any-citizen-can-be-accused-of-espionage-ali-kalai\/\">\n\n                <h3>Tannaz Kolahchian: Under the New Law on Intensifying Espionage, Any Citizen Can Be Accused of Espionage\/ Ali Kalaei<\/h3>\n\n              <\/a>\n\n              <p>After the adoption and communication of the \u201cLaw on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage and Cooperation with the Zionist Regime and Hostile States Against National Security and Interests\u201d in October 2025 (Mehr 1404), concerns have intensified in Iran over the expansion of the security atmosphere, the broadening of criminalization, and the escalation of severe punishments, including [&hellip;]\n              <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/conversation\/tanaz-kolahchian-in-the-new-law-intensifying-espionage-any-citizen-can-be-accused-of-espionage-ali-kalai\/\">\n\n              Read More\n            <\/a>\n\n            <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-footer-wrap d-flex justify-content-space-between\">\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-author\">\n\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                Created By:\n                Editor\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"post-section-below-slider-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n      \n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"pt-120 recent-articles-heading aos-init aos-animate\" data-aos=\"fade-up\">\n\n    \n    <h3>Recent Posts<\/h3>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container pb-120 recent-articles-wrap\">\n\n    <div class=\"recent-articles \">\n\n\n        <div class=\"item\">\n            <div class=\"lSAction-custom-articles\"><a class=\"lSPrev-custom-article\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/left-slider-arrow.svg\"><\/a><a class=\"lSNext-custom-article\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/right-slider-arrow.svg\"><\/a><\/div>\n\n            <ul id=\"content-slider\" class=\"content-slider\">\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Sina-Yousefi-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n                                <h3>Comparing the New Law on Intensifying Punishment for Espionage with Previous Laws\/ Sina Yousefi<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>In contemporary criminal law systems, the crime of espionage has always been classified among the most serious offenses against national&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Sina Yousefi\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Musa-Barzin-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                                <h3>Examining the Ambiguity and Expansion of the Crime of Espionage in Iranian Criminal Law\/ Mousa Barzin<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>After the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, the number of cases related to espionage and cooperation with hostile states&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Mousa Barzin\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Morteza-Hamounian-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                                <h3>Repression and Execution Under the Unforgivable Charge of Espionage\/ Morteza Hamounian<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>Each time, the government finds a new pretext to take human lives; a government that, throughout its existence, has shown&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Morteza Hamounian\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maryam-Abedi-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-crime-of-espionage-to-the-criminalization-of-intent-to-collaborate-maryam-abedi\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-crime-of-espionage-to-the-criminalization-of-intent-to-collaborate-maryam-abedi\/\">\n\n                                <h3>From the Crime of \u201cEspionage\u201d to the Criminalization of \u201cIntent to Collaborate\u201d\/ Maryam Abedi<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>Crimes against national security have always been regarded among the most sensitive and severe areas of criminal law. In all&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-crime-of-espionage-to-the-criminalization-of-intent-to-collaborate-maryam-abedi\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Maryam Abedi\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Eldar-Khiavi-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\">\n\n                                <h3>Comparative Comparison of Spy and Espionage in the Law of Iran and Other Countries \/ Eldar Khiavi<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>The public atmosphere in Iran has become heavy and frightening in recent months with the news of the successive executions&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Eldar Khiavi\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Shabnam-Moeinipour-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/new-law-increases-penalties-for-espionage-and-blurs-boundaries-between-financial-transactions-shabnam-moeinipour\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/new-law-increases-penalties-for-espionage-and-blurs-boundaries-between-financial-transactions-shabnam-moeinipour\/\">\n\n                                <h3>New law increases penalties for espionage and blurs boundaries between financial transactions\/ Shabnam Moeinipour<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>The discussion of espionage, cooperation with intelligence services of other countries or financing of violent acts are undoubtedly legitimate areas&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/new-law-increases-penalties-for-espionage-and-blurs-boundaries-between-financial-transactions-shabnam-moeinipour\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Shabnam Moeinipour\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Nafiseh-Motlagh-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/execution-in-the-name-of-security-intensification-of-the-crackdown-on-espionage-charges-in-iran-nafiseh-motlaq\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/execution-in-the-name-of-security-intensification-of-the-crackdown-on-espionage-charges-in-iran-nafiseh-motlaq\/\">\n\n                                <h3>Execution in the name of security; Intensification of the crackdown on espionage charges in Iran\/ Nafiseh Motlagh<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>Following the escalation of military tensions and attacks by the United States and Israel, the judicial process of dealing with&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/execution-in-the-name-of-security-intensification-of-the-crackdown-on-espionage-charges-in-iran-nafiseh-motlaq\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Nafiseh Motlagh\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n                        <li>\n\n                            <div class=\"recent-post-slide d-flex flex-col\">\n\n                                \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Mostafa-Danandeh-181.jpg\" onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/media-cooperation-with-foreign-countries-where-is-the-boundary-between-information-and-espionage-mustafa-danandeh\/'\"\/>\n\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/media-cooperation-with-foreign-countries-where-is-the-boundary-between-information-and-espionage-mustafa-danandeh\/\">\n\n                                <h3>Media Cooperation with Abroad: Where Is the Boundary Between Reporting and Espionage?\/ Mustafa Danandeh<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <p>During the two twelve-day and forty-day wars, the relationship between \u201cmedia activity\u201d and \u201cnational security\u201d in Iran entered a new&hellip;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n                                <a class=\"read_more_button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/media-cooperation-with-foreign-countries-where-is-the-boundary-between-information-and-espionage-mustafa-danandeh\/\">\n\n                                    <h3>Read More<\/h3>\n\n                                <\/a>\n\n\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between top-16\">\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts d-flex items-center\">\n\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/avatar-author.svg\" \/>\n\n                                    Created By:\n                                    Mustafa Danandeh\n                                <\/div>\n\n                                <div class=\"post-section-below-recent-posts-date-posted d-flex items-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Calender.svg\" \/> May 22, 2026<\/div>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                        <\/li>\n\n                \n            <\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"pdf-viewer-container pt-120 aos-init aos-animate full-width-container\" data-aos=\"fade-up\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n    <h3 class=\"pdf-viewer-book-title\"> Peace Line Monthly Magazine No. 181<\/h3>\n        <div id=\"flipbookContainer\">\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n        <div id=\"pdf-element\" data-latest-pdf-issue=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/181.pdf\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"full-width-container books-section-container\">\r\n        <div class=\"books-section container\">\r\n        <ul id=\"books-slider\" class=\"content-slider\">\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <div class=\"books-section-main d-flex flex-col\">\r\n                                                                <h2><a style=\"color:#f17c1d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/book\/\">book introduction<\/a><\/h2>\r\n                                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Book-173-1.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                        <h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/book\/173-1-2\/\">Book introduction: I am a common pain.<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Book-169.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/book\/169-1-2\/\">\r\n                                                <p>Book Introduction: &#8220;Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other&#8221; by Sherry Turkle<\/p>\r\n                                            <\/a>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Book-167.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/book\/167-2\/\">\r\n                                                <p>Book Introduction: &#8220;Aristocratic Management&#8221;<\/p>\r\n                                            <\/a>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                <\/li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <div class=\"books-section-main d-flex flex-col\">\r\n                                                                <h2><a style=\"color:#f17c1d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/pictures\/\">Pictures<\/a><\/h2>\r\n                                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1403-RGB-scaled-2.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                        <h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/pictures\/the-1403-hijri-shamsi-calendar-dedicated-to-the-audience-of-the-peace-line-2-en\/\">The 1403 Hijri Shamsi calendar dedicated to the audience of the peace line.<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Parvandeh-e1716383339968.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/pictures\/sample-street-activities-in-support-of-human-rights-in-iran-2-en\/\">\r\n                                                <p>Sample street activities in support of human rights in Iran<\/p>\r\n                                            <\/a>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Axe-Maah-2.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/pictures\/monthly-newsletter-peace-line-at-the-central-library-of-skellestona-city-sweden-2-en\/\">\r\n                                                <p>Monthly Newsletter \u200c Peace Line at the Central Library of Skellestona City, Sweden<\/p>\r\n                                            <\/a>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                <\/li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <div class=\"books-section-main d-flex flex-col\">\r\n                                                                <h2><a style=\"color:#f17c1d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/cartoon\/\">Selected art<\/a><\/h2>\r\n                                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Cartoon181.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                        <h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/cartoon\/under-the-title-of-espionage-a-work-by-motaharah-jafari\/\">Under the Charge of Espionage; by Motahareh Jafari<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Cartoon180.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/cartoon\/child-soldier-a-work-by-mahtab-alinejad\/\">\r\n                                                <p>Child-Soldier; a work by Mahtab Alinejad<\/p>\r\n                                            <\/a>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cartoon179.png\" \/>\r\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/cartoon\/in-memory-of-the-children-who-died-at-minab-school-a-work-by-motaharah-jafari\/\">\r\n                                                <p>In memory of the children who died at Minab School; a work by Motaharah Jafari<\/p>\r\n                                            <\/a>\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                <\/li>\r\n                            <li>\r\n                    <div class=\"books-section-main d-flex flex-col\">\r\n                                                            <h2><a style=\"color:#f17c1d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/faces\/\">Faces<\/a><\/h2>\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/watermark-242x300-1.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                    <h3><a class='no-events' href=\"\">Dr. Hassan Mohaddesi Gilani<\/a><\/h3>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/1397092118560232816122964-250x300-1.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                        <a class='no-events' href=\"\">\r\n                                            <p>Amir Mahmoud Harirchi<\/p>\r\n                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                                    <div class=\"books-inner-section d-flex\">\r\n                                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/pr-jalal-271x300-1.jpg\" \/>\r\n                                        <a class='no-events' href=\"\">\r\n                                            <p>Jalal Jalalizadeh<\/p>\r\n                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/li>\r\n                    <\/ul>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"container pt-120 aos-init aos-animate\" data-aos=\"fade-up\">\n\n    <div class=\"category-section\">\n\n        \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/academic-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Academic Rights\">Academic Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-13-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Amir-Aghaei-175.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-13-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>If you flip through any glossary of specialized terminology, you won\u2019t find the term \u201cclass-based internet\u201d or a precise definition of it. However, by implementing this project over the past 20 years, the rulers of the Islamic Republic have compelled Iranian internet users to adopt a term to describe it. Class-based internet refers to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b4-%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%db%8c%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d9%85%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Majid-ShieAli162.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b4-%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%db%8c%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d9%85%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>The Iranian Parliament Research Center recently published a study indicating that nearly 55% of students ranked in the top 3,000 in the national university entrance exam come from the top two economic deciles. The study warns that access to higher education in Iran, both in terms of quantity and quality, is significantly unequal. One major [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/161-20\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Nafiseh-Sharaf161.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/161-20\/\">\n\n                                <p>During the Mihssa Movement, universities in Iran were one of the main strongholds where the cry of &#8220;Women, Life, Freedom&#8221; was raised by students and professors. The demands of this section of the scientific community were completely in line with the demands of the people; demands that led thousands of people to take to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/childrens-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Childrens Rights\">Childrens Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/child-soldiers-a-long-lasting-tradition-in-the-islamic-republic-government-morteza-hamounian\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Morteza-Hamounian180.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/child-soldiers-a-long-lasting-tradition-in-the-islamic-republic-government-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                                <p>Children are among the first victims of war; whether they are present in war themselves or killed as a result of an act of war; whether they are armed and fire in one direction, or are not present in war and are killed or wounded in its turmoil. Even merely witnessing the catastrophe of war [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-child-left-between-rape-and-revenge-fereshte-goli\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Fereshteh-Goli-176.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-child-left-between-rape-and-revenge-fereshte-goli\/\">\n\n                                <p>Lost in the chaos of Iranian news, a story with catastrophic depth was the story of an old man raping a boy in Tabriz, which led to personal revenge by the boy&#8217;s family, who sent the old man to the hospital and into surgery; revenge whose instrument was a wooden sofa leg. In this note, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-10-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reza-Harisi-175.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-10-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>In the official discourse of development, the educational system is consistently portrayed as the engine of social mobility and the embodiment of meritocracy. Ideally, this modern institution is tasked with fostering talent by providing equal opportunities regardless of class, ethnicity, or geographic origin, thereby enabling a fair distribution of societal positions. However, accumulated evidence in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/cultural-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Cultural Rights\">Cultural Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/177-8-3\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Navid-Mihandoust-177-8.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/177-8-3\/\">\n\n                                <p>Over its 44-year history, the Fajr Film Festival has gone through different periods which, based on the documented record of this state-run festival, I divide into three main eras: 1) the era of enmity and camaraderie; 2) the era of misery; 3) the era of disgrace. The first era began in February 1983 (Bahman 1361). [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/174-2-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Mina-Javani174.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/174-2-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>Iran\u2019s underground cinema, as a semi-independent and often marginal sector of the country\u2019s film production, has consistently navigated the intersection of legal restrictions, cultural pressures, and media representations. These films, produced outside the official mechanisms of Iranian cinema, not only provide a platform for expressing real social and ecological experiences, but also serve as vehicles [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/172-5-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/37-1.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/172-5-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>In the heart of the night, the sound of sirens passes through the sleeping cities. The sky is on fire, walls tremble, and the silence of homes is shattered. War, this merciless word, has once again awakened from the slumber of history and cast its shadow over the lives of humans. But amidst the ruins, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/ethnic-minorities\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Ethnic Minorities\">Ethnic Minorities<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-8-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Kourosh-Zeyghami-175.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-8-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/166-14-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ShirAhmad-166.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/166-14-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>Makran is a region in southeastern Iran that extends from the Strait of Hormuz to the east and begins at Minab, continuing to the Sindh River in Balochistan, Pakistan. This region is of special importance due to its geopolitical location and is recognized as an international waterway. Makran holds strategic value for both Iran and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/166-11-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mohsen-BorhanZehi-166.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/166-11-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>A while ago, the government spokesperson announced that the medical government intends to relocate the capital from Tehran to the Makran region and this matter is under consideration. (1) Many countries throughout history have changed their capitals for various reasons, the main reason being the increase in population in the capital and balanced development in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/freedom-of-thought-and-expression\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Freedom of thought and expression\">Freedom of thought and expression<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-crime-of-espionage-to-the-criminalization-of-intent-to-collaborate-maryam-abedi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maryam-Abedi-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-crime-of-espionage-to-the-criminalization-of-intent-to-collaborate-maryam-abedi\/\">\n\n                                <p>Crimes against national security have always been regarded among the most sensitive and severe areas of criminal law. In all legal systems, governments consider the protection of secrets, classified information, vital facilities, and security structures to be among the fundamental elements of their political and sovereign survival. For this reason, espionage is recognized as one [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/media-cooperation-with-foreign-countries-where-is-the-boundary-between-information-and-espionage-mustafa-danandeh\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Mostafa-Danandeh-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/media-cooperation-with-foreign-countries-where-is-the-boundary-between-information-and-espionage-mustafa-danandeh\/\">\n\n                                <p>During the two twelve-day and forty-day wars, the relationship between \u201cmedia activity\u201d and \u201cnational security\u201d in Iran entered a new stage. A stage in which sending a video, publishing a report, or even speaking with media outlets outside the country can be interpreted under concepts such as \u201ccooperation with a hostile state\u201d or \u201cespionage.\u201d The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/developing-activism-securitization-in-the-new-law-enhancing-espionage-punishment-sarah-qureshi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Sara-Ghoreyshi-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/developing-activism-securitization-in-the-new-law-enhancing-espionage-punishment-sarah-qureshi\/\">\n\n                                <p>An Ordinary Day, an Extraordinary Accusation It is ten o\u2019clock at night. From the window of your apartment, you hear chants. You pick up your phone, record a few seconds of video, and send it to a news channel outside the country. The next day, you face a summons whose title is not \u201cpublishing an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/gender-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Gender Rights\">Gender Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/150-11-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Rezvaneh-Mohammadi-150.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/150-11-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>Narrative literature in Iran has been tangled with the perspective of the majority and their definition of voices and narratives that are of interest to the general society. As a result, communities or individuals who are not considered part of this majority have no place in the literary scene. Marginalized communities in any country not [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/127-11-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Hirad-Ariafar127.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/127-11-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>Sexual harassment in the workplace is a dangerous threat that can lead to a decrease in personal and professional quality of life, jeopardize the well-being of both men and women, weaken gender equality, and impose costs on companies and organizations. In recent years, movements around the world have formed to draw more attention to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/123-9-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ansari123.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/123-9-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>Migration is a phenomenon that has a long history in human culture and history, especially among Iranians (the pioneers of migration literature in Iran, such as famous writers like Bozorg Alavi and Sadeq Hedayat). By examining all aspects of it, it is clear that the motivations for [forced] migration in recent years have been more [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/health\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Health\">Health<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-right-to-treatment-under-security-fire-musa-barzin\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Musa-Barzin-177-8.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-right-to-treatment-under-security-fire-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                                <p>During the recent protests, we witnessed many bitter incidents and extra-legal actions in Iran. One of these cases was the restriction of treatment for protesters in various forms. According to reports published from the very first days of the protests, police and security forces attacked hospitals where injured protesters had been taken, creating heartbreaking scenes. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/womens-health-between-population-policy-and-class-inequality-dina-ghalibaf\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Dina-Ghalibaf-177-8.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/womens-health-between-population-policy-and-class-inequality-dina-ghalibaf\/\">\n\n                                <p>Following the sudden and quiet removal of the Iranian \u201cPapilloguard\u201d vaccine from pharmacies across the country, women who had been awaiting national vaccination to prevent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) have been forced to turn to foreign vaccines at prices several times higher\u2014vaccines whose cost is incompatible with the economic circumstances of many women. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/162-4-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Elahe-Amani162.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/162-4-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>The feminization of aging has presented major challenges for the global community, and Iran is no exception. While other countries have adopted effective strategies to address the feminization of aging and manage this crisis, in Iran, this crisis reveals its grim face in the increasing number of elderly people &#8220;abandoned&#8221; in parks, streets, and addiction [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/health-and-environment\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Health and Environment\">Health and Environment<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/air-pollution-as-a-social-crisis-mina-jawani\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Mina-Javani-176.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/air-pollution-as-a-social-crisis-mina-jawani\/\">\n\n                                <p>In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most persistent and complex environmental and social challenges in Iran\u2019s major cities; a challenge that, although seemingly an environmental and public health issue, functions far beyond an ecological crisis in sociological analysis. Today, air pollution has emerged as a \u201cfull-fledged social phenomenon\u201d; a phenomenon in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-2-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nik-Ahang-175.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/175-2-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>Perhaps no object better illustrates water governance and management in Iran than the \u201caftabeh\u201d (watering can). It is unclear exactly to which monarch\u2019s era the historical origins of the aftabeh go back, but the mere mention of it brings to mind, for many, the image of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini\u2014a photo taken months before his return [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/169-13-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Sara-Ghanavati-169.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/169-13-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>In the past weeks, one of the main ports of the country suffered heavy consequences. On April 26, 2025, a terrible explosion occurred in the container area of Bandar-e-Jask port, which according to the latest reports, resulted in the death of over 50 people and injuries of more than 1000 people. The source of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/labour-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Labour Rights\">Labour Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-impact-of-war-conditions-on-labor-and-livelihood-rights-in-iran-ahmad-alavi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Ahmad-Alavi180.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-impact-of-war-conditions-on-labor-and-livelihood-rights-in-iran-ahmad-alavi\/\">\n\n                                <p>Wars in the modern economy are no longer merely military events; rather, they are multidimensional phenomena that simultaneously affect economic, social, and institutional structures. In the case of present-day Iran, in the year 2026 (1405), this characteristic is clearly observable, where the economy had already been facing chronic imbalances and war has acted as an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/174-12-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Amir-JavadiL174.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/174-12-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>In recent years, the condition of pension funds\u2014especially the Cultural Workers Reserve Fund and the performance of the Social Security Organization\u2014has attracted the attention of many researchers, social activists, and fund members. The importance of this issue is evident not only in theory but also in practice, as its crisis-inducing consequences directly and significantly impact [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/174-11-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Sina-Yousefi174.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/174-11-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>In recent decades, the country&#8217;s pension funds\u2014especially the Civil Servants Pension Fund, the Social Security Organization, and the Armed Forces Pension Fund\u2014have faced a deep structural crisis. This crisis stems from chronic imbalance between resources and expenditures, unprofessional policymaking, and weak corporate governance in managing these institutions. The share of public budget contributions to cover [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/muslim-minorites\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Muslim Minorites\">Muslim Minorites<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/165-4-2\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Mostafa-Ahmadian-165.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/165-4-2\/\">\n\n                                <p>The essence of qisas (retributive justice) has long been based on a natural law: &#8220;You kill, you are killed; an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.&#8221; This well-known principle existed long before the emergence of Abrahamic religions. Historical stone carvings\u2014including the Code of Hammurabi, which dates back to 1800 BCE and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/152-6-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Mehrak-Kamali-152.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/152-6-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>When I was reading the novel &#8220;Thursday Train&#8221; (1) by Anisa Dehghani, I came across a strange question: &#8220;It is possible to endure pain that is unique to you, but how can you endure pain that you must share with someone else?&#8221; &#8220;Thursday Train&#8221; delves into the lives of Iranians in the years after the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/150-11-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Rezvaneh-Mohammadi-150.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/150-11-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>Narrative literature in Iran has been tangled with the perspective of the majority and their definition of voices and narratives that are of interest to the general society. As a result, communities or individuals who are not considered part of this majority have no place in the literary scene. Marginalized communities in any country not [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/others\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Others\">Others<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Sina-Yousefi-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparing-the-new-law-intensifying-the-punishment-for-espionage-with-previous-laws-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n                                <p>In contemporary criminal law systems, the crime of espionage has always been classified among the most serious offenses against national security, because it concerns attacks on the fundamental interests of the state and the disclosure of information that may endanger the country\u2019s political, military, or diplomatic security. However, the gravity of this crime has never [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Musa-Barzin-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/examining-the-ambiguity-and-expansion-of-the-crime-of-espionage-in-iranian-criminal-law-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                                <p>After the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, the number of cases related to espionage and cooperation with hostile states increased significantly. The atmosphere in the country after the war became highly securitized, and the government tried to show that a significant part of the damage and blows suffered had resulted from intelligence infiltration and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Eldar-Khiavi-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/comparative-comparison-of-spy-and-espionage-in-the-law-of-iran-and-other-countries-eldar-khiawi\/\">\n\n                                <p>The public atmosphere in Iran has become heavy and frightening in recent months with the news of the successive executions of individuals convicted of espionage. The term \u201cespionage\u201d is not a common term in public opinion, especially in times of war, external threat, or security crisis. This charge is linked to the security of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/prisoners\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Prisoners Rights\">Prisoners Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/prisoners-in-the-shadow-of-war-a-responsibility-that-cannot-be-relieved-from-the-government-sara-qureshi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Sara-Ghoreyshi179.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/prisoners-in-the-shadow-of-war-a-responsibility-that-cannot-be-relieved-from-the-government-sara-qureshi\/\">\n\n                                <p>With the escalation of military tensions and the possibility of expanding conflict, concerns about the safety of prisons and the lives of prisoners have significantly increased. Prisoners are among the most vulnerable groups in any crisis situation, as they have no independent ability to decide where they live, access medical care, or even secure their [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-gap-between-legal-obligations-and-the-reality-of-prisons-sina-yousefi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Sina-Yousefi179.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-gap-between-legal-obligations-and-the-reality-of-prisons-sina-yousefi\/\">\n\n                                <p>In contemporary international law, the situation of prisoners in situations of armed conflict is one of the areas that is particularly sensitive in international legal systems. This sensitivity stems from the fact that prisoners, as individuals who are completely at the disposal and control of governmental institutions, practically lack the ability to effectively protect their [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/prisoners-in-exceptional-circumstances-morteza-hamounian\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Morteza-Hamounian179.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/prisoners-in-exceptional-circumstances-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                                <p>There is an uproar outside. Voices echo and the roar of shouting can be heard. Among the guards and in the corridors, there is constant whispering. But no one tells the prisoner anything. The prisoner is treated as an outsider. From time to time, from near and far, the sound of explosions reaches the ear. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/religious-minorities\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Religious Minorities\">Religious Minorities<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/114-13-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Articles-Title-Image_681.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/114-13-en\/\">\n\n                                <p><\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/84-7-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/2358.png\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/84-7-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>This is a picture of a flower. Shiraz Tabrizi Sparkle Sufism, mysticism, asceticism, and some other names refer to a school of Islam that, based on the teachings of each chain of this school &#8211; which I will refer to as Sufism &#8211; believes in the different sects of Islam that the commandments of religion [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/65-4-en\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/House-Church.jpeg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/65-4-en\/\">\n\n                                <p>Following the arrests of Christians in Iran clearly shows that in recent years, Iranian government authorities have targeted the Christian community for suppression. Reports indicate that from May to August 2016, 79 Christian citizens were arrested and a large number of them were interrogated and sent to prison. It is believed that many arrests have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/right-to-life\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Right to Life\">Right to Life<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Morteza-Hamounian-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/repression-and-execution-on-the-unforgivable-charge-of-espionage-morteza-hamounian\/\">\n\n                                <p>Each time, the government finds a new pretext to take human lives; a government that, throughout its existence, has shown that it places no value on the lives of citizens. The latest example became clear during the war between the United States and Israel and Iran, when it was revealed that for years, massive budgets [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/execution-in-the-name-of-security-intensification-of-the-crackdown-on-espionage-charges-in-iran-nafiseh-motlaq\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Nafiseh-Motlagh-181.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/execution-in-the-name-of-security-intensification-of-the-crackdown-on-espionage-charges-in-iran-nafiseh-motlaq\/\">\n\n                                <p>Following the escalation of military tensions and attacks by the United States and Israel, the judicial process of dealing with charges of \u201cespionage\u201d and \u201ccollaboration with hostile states\u201d in Iran has entered a new phase. What is more controversial than the laws themselves is the way they are implemented: expedited proceedings, lack of transparency, and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/swift-punishments-and-executions-in-a-wartime-environment-hermine-hordad\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Harmineh-Hourdad180.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/swift-punishments-and-executions-in-a-wartime-environment-hermine-hordad\/\">\n\n                                <p>To understand the mechanisms of power in the Islamic Republic, no point is as significant as execution, because in this system execution is not merely a judicial punishment, but a political instrument for producing fear, silencing dissent, and pushing society toward silence and marginalization. Each time the Islamic Republic has faced crisis, war, or instability, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/unions-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Unions Rights\">Unions Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/cafe-lamiz-and-the-economy-of-repression-in-the-shadow-of-war-behzad-ahmadinia\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Behzad-Ahmadinia180.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/cafe-lamiz-and-the-economy-of-repression-in-the-shadow-of-war-behzad-ahmadinia\/\">\n\n                                <p>The ugliest\u2014and perhaps most familiar\u2014face of human society is \u201cwar.\u201d This can be read between the lines of the book An Introduction to Polemology by Gaston Bouthoul. In this work, he explains how no law, treaty, or prohibition can stand against war. In a case study, the book describes the international restrictions and global pressures [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-rule-of-law-to-the-state-of-confiscation-sara-qureshi\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Sara-Ghoreyshi-177-8.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/from-the-rule-of-law-to-the-state-of-confiscation-sara-qureshi\/\">\n\n                                <p>Introduction: Terminological explanation In this article, the concept of the general power of the state is consciously used, not political sovereignty. This choice of language is not accidental. The state here is not simply the construction of political power, but an institution that, in the logic of public law, is responsible for implementing the law, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-right-to-treatment-under-security-fire-musa-barzin\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Musa-Barzin-177-8.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/the-right-to-treatment-under-security-fire-musa-barzin\/\">\n\n                                <p>During the recent protests, we witnessed many bitter incidents and extra-legal actions in Iran. One of these cases was the restriction of treatment for protesters in various forms. According to reports published from the very first days of the protests, police and security forces attacked hospitals where injured protesters had been taken, creating heartbreaking scenes. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <div class=\"category-items\">\n\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/category\/subcategories\/women-rights\/\">  <h2 class=\"single-line-heading\" title=\"Women Rights\">Women Rights<\/h2><\/a>\n\n                \n\n                <div class=\"d-flex flex-col gap-20 category-inner-section-container\">\n\n                    \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/internet-shutdown-and-its-economic-consequences-for-women-and-the-informal-economy-elahe-amani\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Elahe-Amani180.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/internet-shutdown-and-its-economic-consequences-for-women-and-the-informal-economy-elahe-amani\/\">\n\n                                <p>This article is not about the catastrophic depth of war as an absolute evil; it is not about the innocent children who lost their lives and never returned home; it is not about the civilians in Iran and other countries of the region who were killed; it is not about the historical heritage destroyed and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/joining-the-silence-of-the-iranian-womens-national-football-team-moloud-soleimani\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Moloud-Soleymani179.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/joining-the-silence-of-the-iranian-womens-national-football-team-moloud-soleimani\/\">\n\n                                <p>The news begins with the act of silence by members of the Iranian women&#8217;s national football team in a match against South Korea at the Asian Cup in Australia. At the beginning of the match, the national anthem of the Islamic Republic is played. The camera moves over the faces of the female footballers; over [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                            <div class=\"category-inner-section d-flex items-center\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n                               <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/gender-justice-in-the-world-fragile-achievements-and-challenges-ahead-elahe-amani\/\"> \n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ElaheAmani19.jpg\" \/>\n\n                                \n                                <\/a>\n\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/articles\/gender-justice-in-the-world-fragile-achievements-and-challenges-ahead-elahe-amani\/\">\n\n                                <p>The seventieth session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW70) was held from March 9 to March 19, 2026, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The theme of this session was \u201cEnsuring and strengthening access to justice for all women and girls,\u201d and it encompassed axes such as \u201cpromoting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\n                               <\/a>\n\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            \n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n        <!-- <div class=\"d-flex items-center category-section-end-logo\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Logo-large.svg\" \/><\/div> -->\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div>\n    <div class=\"magazine-archive pt-555 px-80  pb-120 mt-120\">\n                <div class=\"item container\">\n          <!--  <div class=\"magazine-archive-top-text\">\n                <span>  Journal<\/span>\n            <\/div> -->\n            <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-space-between magazine-archive-heading-wrap\">\n                <div>\n                    <h2 class=\"magazine-archive-heading\">  Magazine archive<\/h2>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"lSAction-custom\"><a class=\"lSPrev-custom\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/left-slider-arrow.svg\"><\/a><a class=\"lSNext-custom\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/right-slider-arrow.svg\"><\/a><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <ul id=\"magazine-slider\" class=\"content-slider\">\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>1<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Monthly Magazine No. 181<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cover_181.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/181.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/181.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>2<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Monthly Magazine No. 180<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/cover_180.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/180.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/180.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>3<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Monthly Magazine No. 179<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/cover_179.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/179.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/179.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>4<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Monthly Magazine No. 177-178<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/177-Cover.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/177.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/177.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>5<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Magazine Issue 176<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/cover_176.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/176.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/176.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>6<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Magazine Issue 175<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cover_175.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/175.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/175.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>7<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Magazine Issue 174<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/cover_174.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/174.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/174.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                        <li>\n                            <div class=\"magazine-slide d-flex flex-col position-relative\">\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-heading d-flex items-center\">\n                                   <span>8<\/span>                                    <h3>Peace Line Magazine Issue 173<\/h3>\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"magazine-slide-image\">\n                                                                            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"magazine-slide-image-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cover_173.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Image\" \/>\n                                                                        <div class=\"overlay\">\n                                        <div class=\"overlay-buttons\">\n                                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/173.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"view-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/View-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        View This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/173.pdf\" download=\"Magazine_Archive.pdf\">\n                                                <div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"download-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Download-icon.svg\" \/>\n                                                    <span>\n                                                        Download This Archive                                                    <\/span>\n                                                <\/div>\n                                            <\/a>\n                                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                \n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-template.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-39823","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39823"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39823\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71216,"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39823\/revisions\/71216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.peace-mark.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}